Primary Energy Reconstruction from the Charged Particle Densities Recorded with the KASCADE-Grande Detector at 500 m Distance from Shower Core

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Toma ◽  
W. D. Apel ◽  
J. C. Arteaga ◽  
K. Bekk ◽  
M. Bertaina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Shower Core ◽  
Energy Reconstruction

scholarly journals Estimating primary energy of cosmic rays by calculating secondary particles density in optimum distance from shower core

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1750190
Author(s):  
G. Rastegarzadeh ◽  
L. Rafezi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Particle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Estimation ◽  
Array Configuration ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
Shower Core ◽  
Optimum Distance ◽  
Array Detectors ◽  
Estimation Function ◽  
Minimum Uncertainty

Optimum distance (R[Formula: see text]) is a distance from the shower core in which the density calculated by lateral distribution function, has its minimum uncertainty. In this paper, using CORSIKA code, proton, carbon and iron primary in the energy range between 10[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]eV are simulated to find R[Formula: see text] for Alborz-I array located at an altitude of 1200[Formula: see text]m above sea level. It is shown that R[Formula: see text] is approximately independent of characteristics of primary particle and it is only dependent to array configuration. Dependency of R[Formula: see text] on layout and detector spacing for 20 Alborz-I array detectors, are studied. It is shown that the Alborz-I array layout and its detector spacing result into the best (minimum uncertainty) R[Formula: see text] for its number of detectors. In this work, R[Formula: see text] for Alborz-I array is obtained about [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m (from NKG function) and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m (from NKG type function). In addition, it is shown that, by finding dependency of primary energy to density in optimum distance, energy of primary particle can be estimated well. An energy estimation function is suggested and the function is examined by another set of simulated showers.

scholarly journals Application of ASAS method to PAMELA calorimeter

2022 ◽  
Vol 2155 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
A I Fedosimova ◽  
I A Lebedev ◽  
A G Mayorov ◽  
E A Dmitriyeva ◽  
E A Bondar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Energy Reconstruction ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to to improve energy reconstruction for data obtained via thin heterogeneous calorimeters for direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher. Despite the large number of modern experimental complexes, the primary energy of cosmic nuclei with energies above 1 TeV is determined with large errors associated with fluctuations in the development of the cascade. For heterogeneous calorimeters, transient effects give an additional negative effect. In this paper we analyze the main causes of fluctuations and discuss a method for reducing the effect of fluctuations on the results of primary energy reconstruction. The method of accumulation of signal along the spectrum (ASAS) is used to reduce fluctuations associated with transient effects. The method was tested using the heterogeneous calorimeter of the PAMELA collaboration. It is shown that the proposed approach makes it possible to correctly determine the energy of slowly developing showers, the maxima of which are not measured.

scholarly journals Direct Measurements of Cosmic Rays (TeV and beyond) Using an Ultrathin Calorimeter: Lessening Fluctuation Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11189
Author(s):  
Igor Lebedev ◽  
Anastasia Fedosimova ◽  
Andrey Mayorov ◽  
Pavel Krassovitskiy ◽  
Elena Dmitriyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Energy Reconstruction ◽  
Cascade Curve ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Fluctuation Method

In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to use an ultrathin calorimeter for direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher. The problems of determining the primary energy with a thin calorimeter, due to large fluctuations in shower development, the low statistics of analyzed events and the large size required for the calorimeter, are considered in detail. A solution to these problems is proposed on the basis of a lessening fluctuation method. This method is based on the assumption of the universality of the development of cascades initiated by particles of the same energy and mass. For energy reconstruction, so-called correlation curves are used. The main analyzed quantities are the size of the cascade and the rate of its development. The method was tested using the calorimeter of the PAMELA collaboration. Based on simulations, it is shown that the primary energy can be determined on the ascending branch of the cascade curve. This fact solves the problems associated with the need to increase the calorimeter thickness with an increase in primary energy and with the limitation of the analyzed events. The proposed technique is universal for different energies and different nuclei.

PRIMARY ENERGY ESTIMATION AND MASS DISCRIMINATION BY THE EAS LATERAL CHARGED PARTICLE DISTRIBUTIONS SIMULATED FOR KASCADE-GRANDE

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (29) ◽  
pp. 6784-6786 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. BRANCUS ◽  
B. MITRICA ◽  
G. TOMA ◽  
O. SIMA ◽  
H. REBEL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Lateral Distribution ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Mass Discrimination ◽  
Energy Estimation ◽  
Particle Distributions

Simulation studies of the lateral distribution S(r) of charged EAS particles, as reconstructed for the detector layout of KASCADE-Grande are presented. The investigation applies the recently developed code SHOWREC designed for EAS reconstruction.

Ultrastructural alterations in the fetal mouse myocardium in response to genetic and environmental factors

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 724-725
Author(s):  
K.C. Feng-Chen ◽  
F.B. Essien ◽  
K.J. Prestwidge ◽  
J.T. Cheng ◽  
C.L. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Cardiac Contraction ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Fetal Mouse ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physiological Adjustments ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetically Determined

The physiology of the fetal heart differs significantly from that of the mature post-natal organ: e.g., the metabolic supply for adult cardiac contraction relies mainly on fatty acids; whereas, the fetal heart uses carbohydrates as its primary energy source. Limited morphological descriptions of the developing myocardium have appeared. However, additional studies are required to elucidate the ultrastructural changes occuring in the perinatal period when enormous physiological adjustments are made. Although adult animals are most often used in toxocological and pathological analyses, it is also important to investigate fetal cardiac responsiveness to various agents. The vulnerability of the ultrastructure of the fetal mouse myocardium to genetic and environmental assault is the subject of this report. The genetically determined effect on the heart was observed in mouse embryos homozygous for the cab (cardiac abnormality) mutation discovered by Essien.

On Energy Status indicators and the role of renewableEnergy under Economic Crisis

2014 ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
P. Bezrukikh ◽  
P. Bezrukikh (Jr.)
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Economy Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Production Regime

The article analyzes the dynamics of consumption of primary energy and production of electrical energy in the world for 1973-2012 and the volume of renewable energy. It is shown that in the crisis year of 20 0 9 there was a significant reduction in primary energy consumption and production of electrical energy. At the same time, renewable energy has developed rapidly, well above the rate of the world economy growth. The development of renewable energy is one of the most effective ways out of the crisis, taking into account its production regime, energy, environmental, social and economic efficiency. The forecast for the development of renewable energy for the period up to 2020, compiled by the IEA, is analyzed. It is shown that its assessment rates are conservative; the authors justify higher rates of development of renewable energy.

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