Breakup and capture of two sedimenting drops in a vertical temperature gradient

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 032103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Rother ◽  
Robert H. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Vertical Temperature Gradient ◽  
Vertical Temperature

Effects of Age and Overhead Illumination on Temperatures Preferred by Underyearling Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, in a Vertical Temperature Gradient

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1430-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Hwa Kwain ◽  
Robert W. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Vertical Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Vertical Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Distribution Of Fish ◽  
Vertical Gradients

During their first 12 mo of life rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, preferred progressively cooler temperatures as they grew older; 19 °C was selected during the 1st mo and the selected temperature declined by intervals of 0.5 °C for each of the following months up to the 3rd mo. Fish swam higher in temperature gradients exposed to overhead illumination than in those in total darkness. This trend was reversed during the following 9 mo. These findings demonstrate the important role that age plays in the temperature preference of this species and the influence that overhead light may have on the distribution of fish in vertical gradients. Key words: preferred temperature, age, Salmo gairdneri, light gradients

scholarly journals The isothermal layer of the atmosphere and atmospheric radiation

1909 ◽  
Vol 82 (551) ◽  
pp. 43-70 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Vertical Temperature Gradient ◽  
Vertical Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Isothermal Layer

The investigation of the upper air by means of balloons carrying self-recording instruments, which have furnished values for the atmospheric temperature up to heights between 15 and 20 kilometres, has revealed the existence of an abnormal change in the vertical temperature gradient. After a fairly uniform fall, with increasing altitude, of about 6° C. per kilometre, a height is reached above which the temperature changes very little, sometimes increasing, sometimes diminishing slowly. The phenomenon was first noticed by M. Teisserenc de Bort in a communication to the Société de Physique in June, 1899. He improved his apparatus and made further investigations, in many cases sending up the balloons by night to eliminate any possible insolation effects. He found the average height, at which the change began, to be about 11 kilometres. He discovered also that the height was greater near the centre of high pressure areas than in low pressure areas, the average heights for the two cases being 12-5 and 10 kilometres respectively. More recently he found that the height increased with approach towards the equator and that near the equator, ballons-sondes , ascending to 15 kilometres, had failed to reach this layer if it existed there. He proposed to call this layer, in which little temperature change occurred, the “Isothermal Layer of the Atmosphere,” and the name has been generally accepted.

scholarly journals Radon-based technique for the analysis of atmospheric stability – a case study from Central Poland

Nukleonika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Podstawczyńska ◽  
Scott D. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Urban Heat Island Intensity ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Vertical Temperature Gradient ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Vertical Temperature ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Urban Heat

Abstract An economical and easy-to-implement technique is outlined by which the mean nocturnal atmospheric mixing state (“stability”) can be assessed over a broad (city-scale) heterogeneous region solely based on near-surface (2 m above ground level [a.g.l.]) observations of the passive tracer radon-222. The results presented here are mainly based on summer data of hourly meteorological and radon observations near Łodź, Central Poland, from 4 years (2008–2011). Behaviour of the near-surface wind speed and vertical temperature gradient (the primary controls of the nocturnal atmospheric mixing state), as well as the urban heat island intensity, are investigated within each of the four radon-based nocturnal stability categories derived for this study (least stable, weakly stable, moderately stable, and stable). On average, the most (least) stable nights were characterized by vertical temperature gradient of 1.1 (0.5)°C·m−1, wind speed of ~0.4 (~1.0) m·s−1, and urban heat island intensity of 4.5 (0.5)°C. For sites more than 20 km inland from the coast, where soils are not completely saturated or frozen, radon-based nocturnal stability classification can significantly enhance and simplify a range of environmental research applications (e.g. urban climate studies, urban pollution studies, regulatory dispersion modelling, and evaluating the performance of regional climate and pollution models).

scholarly journals Analysis of Sunshine Temperature Field of Steel Box Girder Based on Monitoring Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hailin Lu ◽  
Jing Hao ◽  
Jiwei Zhong ◽  
Yafei Wang ◽  
Hongyin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Model ◽  
Bridge Site ◽  
Vertical Temperature Gradient ◽  
Vertical Temperature ◽  
Box Girder ◽  
Steel Box Girder

In this study, based on the recorded meteorological data of the bridge site, a spatial-temporal temperature model of a 3-span steel box girder is developed through applying the thermal analysis software TAITHERM. Firstly, the rationality and dependability of the proposed spatial-temporal temperature model are adequately verified by means of implementing the comparison with the measurement data. Then the temperature distribution of the steel box girder is analyzed and discussed in detail. The analytical results show that the time of the bottom of pavement reaching the daily maximum temperature lags behind the top of pavement by 2 or 3 hours due to the thermal insulation effect of pavement, and the maximum vertical temperature gradient of the structure exceeds the existing standards. Moreover, with the help of the analytical model, a parametric study of comprehensively meteorological factors is also performed. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that solar radiation is the most significant factor affecting the maximum vertical temperature gradient of the steel box girder, followed by air temperature and wind speed. After that, with the representative values of the extreme meteorological parameters during 100-year return period in Wuhan City in China being considered as the thermal boundary conditions, the temperature distribution of the steel box girder is further studied for investigation purpose. The results demonstrate that the heat conduction process of the steel box girder has distinct “box-room effect,” and it is of great necessity to consider both the actual weather conditions at the bridge site and the “box-room effect” of steel box girder when calculating thermal behaviors of bridge structures. Finally, it is related that the particular method proposed in this paper possesses a satisfactory application prospect for temperature field analysis upon various types of bridges in different regions.

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