Errata: The Photo‐Chemical Reduction of Water by Europium (II) Ion, and the Magnetic Susceptibilities of Europium (II) and Europium (III) Ions

1950 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1687-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Douglas ◽  
Don M. Yost
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibilities

One-Step Synthesis and Magnetic Phase Transformation of Ln-TM-B Alloy by Chemical Reduction

2007 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
C.W. Kim ◽  
Y.H. Kim ◽  
H.G. Cha ◽  
D.K. Lee ◽  
Y.S. Kang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Magnetic Phase ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
One Step

METAL-OXIDE INTERFACES OBTAINED BY SELECTIVE CHEMICAL REDUCTION OF LAMELLAR OXIDE-OXIDE EUTECTIC STRUCTURES

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (C1) ◽  
pp. C1-781-C1-787
Author(s):  
B. BONVALOT ◽  
G. DHALENNE ◽  
F. MILLOT ◽  
A. REVCOLEVSCHI
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Oxide Interfaces ◽  
Selective Chemical

Room Temperature Alkali Metal Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas A. Freeman ◽  
Akachukwu D. Obi ◽  
Haleigh R. Machost ◽  
Andrew Molino ◽  
Asa W. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Open Shell ◽  
Metal Reduction ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Earth Abundant ◽  
Electron Reduction

The reduction of the relatively inert carbon–oxygen bonds of CO<sub>2</sub> to access useful CO<sub>2</sub>-derived organic products is one of the most important fundamental challenges in synthetic chemistry. Facilitating this bond-cleavage using earth-abundant, non-toxic main group elements (MGEs) is especially arduous because of the difficulty in achieving strong inner-sphere interactions between CO<sub>2</sub> and the MGE. Herein we report the first successful chemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> at room temperature by alkali metals, promoted by a cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC). One-electron reduction of CAAC-CO<sub>2</sub> adduct (<b>1</b>) with lithium, sodium or potassium metal yields stable monoanionic radicals clusters [M(CAAC–CO<sub>2</sub>)]<sub>n</sub>(M = Li, Na, K, <b> 2</b>-<b>4</b>) and two-electron alkali metal reduction affords open-shell, dianionic clusters of the general formula [M<sub>2</sub>(CAAC–CO<sub>2</sub>)]<sub>n </sub>(<b>5</b>-<b>8</b>). It is notable that these crystalline clusters of reduced CO<sub>2</sub> may also be isolated via the “one-pot” reaction of free CO<sub>2</sub> with free CAAC followed by the addition of alkali metals – a reductive process which does not occur in the absence of carbene. Each of the products <b>2</b>-<b>8</b> were investigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods.<br>

Functional Poly(p-Xylylene)s via Chemical Reduction of Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene)s

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ain Uddin ◽  
Weifan Sang ◽  
Yong Gao ◽  
Kyle Plunkett
Keyword(s):  
Film Formation ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phenylene Vinylene ◽  
Polymer Modification ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Crosslinking Process ◽  
Conducting Membranes ◽  
In Situ Crosslinking

The synthesis of poly(p-xylylene)s (PPXs) with sidechains containing alkyl bromide functionality, and their post-polymer modification, is described. The PPXs were prepared by a diimide hydrogenation of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs) that were originally synthesized by a Gilch polymerization. The polymer backbone reduction was carried out with hydrazine hydrate in toluene at 80 °C to provide polymers with the sidechain-containing bromide functionality intact. To demonstrate post-polymer modification of the sidechains, the resulting PPX polymers were modified with trimethylamine to form tetraalkylammonium ion functionality and were evaluated as anion conducting membranes. While PPX homopolymers containing tetralkylammonium ions were completely water soluble and not able to form valuable films, PPX copolymers containing mixed tetraalkylammonium ions and hydrophobic chains were capable of film formation and alkaline stability. In addition, an in situ crosslinking process that used N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine during the tetraalkylammonium formation of brominated PPX polymers was also evaluated and gave reasonable films with conductivities of ~10 mS-cm-1.

Functional Poly(p-Xylylene)s via Chemical Reduction of Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene)s

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ain Uddin ◽  
Weifan Sang ◽  
Yong Gao ◽  
Kyle Plunkett
Keyword(s):  
Film Formation ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phenylene Vinylene ◽  
Polymer Modification ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Crosslinking Process ◽  
Conducting Membranes ◽  
In Situ Crosslinking

The synthesis of poly(p-xylylene)s (PPXs) with sidechains containing alkyl bromide functionality, and their post-polymer modification, is described. The PPXs were prepared by a diimide hydrogenation of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs) that were originally synthesized by a Gilch polymerization. The polymer backbone reduction was carried out with hydrazine hydrate in toluene at 80 °C to provide polymers with the sidechain-containing bromide functionality intact. To demonstrate post-polymer modification of the sidechains, the resulting PPX polymers were modified with trimethylamine to form tetraalkylammonium ion functionality and were evaluated as anion conducting membranes. While PPX homopolymers containing tetralkylammonium ions were completely water soluble and not able to form valuable films, PPX copolymers containing mixed tetraalkylammonium ions and hydrophobic chains were capable of film formation and alkaline stability. In addition, an in situ crosslinking process that used N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine during the tetraalkylammonium formation of brominated PPX polymers was also evaluated and gave reasonable films with conductivities of ~10 mS-cm-1.

ENPLATE NI-423

Alloy Digest ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Electroless Nickel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Corrosion And Wear ◽  
Phosphorus Alloy

Abstract ENPLATE NI-423 is a nickel-phosphorus alloy deposited by chemical reduction without electric current. It is deposited by a stable, relatively high-speed functional electroless nickel process that produces a low-stress coating with good ductility and excellent resistance to corrosion. Its many uses include equipment for chemicals and food, aerospace components, molds and electronic devices. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and hardness. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-343. Producer or source: Enthone Inc..

ELECTROLESS NICKEL

Alloy Digest ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Coating ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Electroless Nickel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Corrosion And Wear ◽  
Sodium Hypophosphite ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Nickel Ions ◽  
Continuous Contact ◽  
Chemical Corporation

Abstract ELECTROLESS NICKEL is a nickel coating deposited by chemical reduction of nickel ions. The most widely used reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite. The thickness of the deposited coating is uniform over all areas of the work-piece that are in continuous contact with fresh plating solution. The process is applicable to a wide variety of metal and nonmetal substrates. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as heat treating and joining. Filing Code: Ni-332. Producer or source: Occidental Chemical Corporation.

Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared Under an Ultrasonic Field

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1491-1496
Author(s):  
Umadevi M ◽  
Rani T ◽  
Balakrishnan T ◽  
Ramanibai R
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Ultrasonic Field ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Chemical Reduction Method ◽  
E Coli

Nanotechnology has great promise for improving the therapeutic potential of medicinal molecules and related agents. In this study, silver nanoparticles of different sizes were synthesized in an ultrasonic field using the chemical reduction method with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. The size effect of silver nanoparticles on antimicrobial activity were tested against the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No. 96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC No. 441), Streptococcus mutans (MTCC No. 497), Escherichia coli (MTCC No. 739) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC No. 1934). The results shows that B. subtilis, and E. coli were more sensitive to silver nanoparticles and its size, indicating the superior antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles. 

Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in the presence of sulfide minerals under anoxic conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Jiayang ◽  
Makram T. Suidan ◽  
Albert D. Venosa
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Sulfide Minerals ◽  
Sulfide Concentration ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Abiotic Reduction

Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in the presence of sulfide minerals has been investigated under anoxic conditions at 35°C. 2,4-DNT was abiotically reduced to 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) in the presence of high concentration of sulfide (0.84 mM). No abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT was observed in the presence of low sulfide concentration (0.42 mM). The rate and the extent of the abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT were increased with an increase in sulfide concentration. Sulfide served as an electron donor for the reduction of 2,4-DNT. The 2-nitro group was preferentially reduced, making the 2-A-4-NT:4-A-2-NT ratio in the final products 2:1. The addition of iron, nickel, and cobalt minerals significantly enhanced the abiotic reduction. The FeS, NiS, and CoS solids formed in the serum bottles catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT preferentially to 4-A-2-NT. MnS and CuS solids also catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT to 4-A-2-NT, but did not change the overall reduction of 2,4-DNT. However, the presence of calcium, zinc, and magnesium minerals impeded 2,4-DNT reduction. The calcium, zinc, and magnesium ions have a high affinity to sulfide, inactivating sulfide as an electron donor for the chemical reduction of 2,4-DNT.

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