Diameter Effect in Condensed Explosives. The Relation between Velocity and Radius of Curvature of the Detonation Wave

1954 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1920-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Wood ◽  
John G. Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Detonation Wave ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Condensed Explosives ◽  
Diameter Effect

The initiation of condensed explosives by shock waves from metals

1958 ◽  
Vol 246 (1245) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Detonation Wave ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Incident Shock ◽  
Shock Strength ◽  
Solid Explosive ◽  
Condensed Explosives

When a shock wave is transmitted from a metal to a solid explosive a pure shock wave is transmitted into the explosive. The shock generally builds up to a complete detonation wave but in some cases it fails to initiate the explosive. In the former case an effective delay time in the initiation of the explosive is observed. Initiation delays have been measured in 2 in. diam. sticks of 60/40 RDX/TNT as a function of incident shock strength in mild steel and aluminium .

Field ion microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Gert Ehrlich
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Field Ion Microscopy ◽  
Phosphor Screen ◽  
Ion Microscopy ◽  
Field Ion Microscope

The field ion microscope, devised by Erwin Muller in the 1950's, was the first instrument to depict the structure of surfaces in atomic detail. An FIM image of a (111) plane of tungsten (Fig.l) is typical of what can be done by this microscope: for this small plane, every atom, at a separation of 4.48Å from its neighbors in the plane, is revealed. The image of the plane is highly enlarged, as it is projected on a phosphor screen with a radius of curvature more than a million times that of the sample. Müller achieved the resolution necessary to reveal individual atoms by imaging with ions, accommodated to the object at a low temperature. The ions are created at the sample surface by ionization of an inert image gas (usually helium), present at a low pressure (< 1 mTorr). at fields on the order of 4V/Å.

Field-assisted ionization theory for microscopists

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 820-821
Author(s):  
Patrick P. Camus
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electron Tunneling ◽  
Ionization Probability ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
Tunneling Probability ◽  
Field Ionization ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Field Evaporation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ion Emission

The theory of field ion emission is the study of electron tunneling probability enhanced by the application of a high electric field. At subnanometer distances and kilovolt potentials, the probability of tunneling of electrons increases markedly. Field ionization of gas atoms produce atomic resolution images of the surface of the specimen, while field evaporation of surface atoms sections the specimen. Details of emission theory may be found in monographs.Field ionization (FI) is the phenomena whereby an electric field assists in the ionization of gas atoms via tunneling. The tunneling probability is a maximum at a critical distance above the surface,xc, Fig. 1. Energy is required to ionize the gas atom at xc, I, but at a value reduced by the appliedelectric field, xcFe, while energy is recovered by placing the electron in the specimen, φ. The highest ionization probability occurs for those regions on the specimen that have the highest local electric field. Those atoms which protrude from the average surfacehave the smallest radius of curvature, the highest field and therefore produce the highest ionizationprobability and brightest spots on the imaging screen, Fig. 2. This technique is called field ion microscopy (FIM).

The buckling of thin EM specimens

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-851
Author(s):  
A.R. Thölén
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Specimen Surface ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Thin Electron ◽  
Regular Patterns

Thin electron microscope specimens often contain irregular bend contours (Figs. 1-3). Very regular bend patterns have, however, been observed around holes in some ion-milled specimens. The purpose of this investigation is twofold. Firstly, to find the geometry of bent specimens and the elastic properties of extremely thin foils and secondly, to obtain more information about the background to the observed regular patterns.The specimen surface is described by z = f(x,y,p), where p is a parameter, eg. the radius of curvature of a sphere. The beam is entering along the z—direction, which coincides with the foil normal, FN, of the undisturbed crystal surface (z = 0). We have here used FN = [001]. Furthermore some low indexed reflections are chosen around the pole FN and in our fcc crystal the following g-vectors are selected:

Point-Cathode Electron Gun Using Electron-Beam Bombardment for Cathode Tip Heating

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-199
Author(s):  
Ryo Iiyoshi ◽  
Susumu Maruse ◽  
Hideo Takematsu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Tungsten Wire ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Beam Focusing ◽  
Time Operation

Point cathode electron gun with high brightness and long cathode life has been developed. In this gun, a straightened tungsten wire is used as the point cathode, and the tip is locally heated to higher temperatures by electron beam bombardment. The high brightness operation and some findings on the local heating are presented.Gun construction is shown in Fig.l. Small heater assembly (annular electron gun: 5 keV, 1 mA) is set inside the Wehnelt electrode. The heater provides a disk-shaped bombarding electron beam focusing onto the cathode tip. The cathode is the tungsten wire of 0.1 mm in diameter. The tip temperature is raised to the melting point (3,650 K) at the beam power of 5 W, without any serious problem of secondary electrons for the gun operation. Figure 2 shows the cathode after a long time operation at high temperatures, or high brightnesses. Evaporation occurs at the tip, and the tip part retains a conical shape. The cathode can be used for a long period of time. The tip apex keeps the radius of curvature of 0.4 μm at 3,000 K and 0.3 μm at 3,200 K. The gun provides the stable beam up to the brightness of 6.4×106 A/cm2sr (3,150 K) at the accelerating voltage of 50 kV. At 3.4×l06 A/cm2sr (3,040 K), the tip recedes at a slow rate (26 μm/h), so that the effect can be offset by adjusting the Wehnelt bias voltage. The tip temperature is decreased as the tip moves out from the original position, but it can be kept at constant by increasing the bombarding beam power. This way of operation is possible for 10 h. A stepwise movement of the cathode is enough for the subsequent operation. Higher brightness operations with the rapid receding rates of the tip may be improved by a continuous movement of the wire cathode during the operations. Figure 3 shows the relation between the beam brightness, the tip receding rate by evaporation (αis the half-angle of the tip cone), and the cathode life per unit length, as a function of the cathode temperature. The working life of the point cathode is greatly improved by the local heating.

Modelling of detonation wave parameters, initiation and hazard of chemically active bubble systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Fomin ◽  
K. Mitropetros ◽  
H. Hieronymus ◽  
J. Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Detonation Wave ◽  
Wave Parameters

STUDY OF THE HEAD ON DETONATION WAVE STRUCTURE IN GASEOUS EXPLOSIVES

1987 ◽  
Vol 48 (C4) ◽  
pp. C4-119-C4-124
Author(s):  
H. N. PRESLES ◽  
P. BAUER ◽  
C. GUERRAUD ◽  
D. DESBORDES
Keyword(s):  
Detonation Wave ◽  
Wave Structure
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