Uniformity of Electrical Current Flow in Cylindrical Semiconductor Specimens with Cylindrical Metallic End Caps

1961 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Simon ◽  
J. H. Cahn ◽  
J. C. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Current Flow ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrical Current Flow ◽  
End Caps

Electrical current flow at conductive nanowires formed in GaN thin films by a dislocation template technique

2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (19) ◽  
pp. 193109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Amma ◽  
Yuki Tokumoto ◽  
Keiichi Edagawa ◽  
Naoya Shibata ◽  
Teruyasu Mizoguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrical Current Flow

Effect of Current Direction on the Reliability of Different Capped Cu Interconnects

2005 ◽  
Vol 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Gan ◽  
C. Y. Lee ◽  
C. K. Cheng ◽  
J. Gambino
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Void Nucleation ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Current Direction ◽  
Electron Current ◽  
Electrical Current Flow ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe reliability of Cu M1-V1-M2-V2-M3 interconnects with SiN and CoWP cap layers was investigated. Similar to previously reported results, the reliability of CoWP capped structures is much better than identical SiN capped structures. However, it was also observed that the reliability of CoWP capped interconnects was independent of the direction of electrical current flow. This phenomenon is different from what was observed for SiN capped structures, where M2 lines with electron current flow in the upstream configuration (“via-below”) have about three times larger median-time-to-failure than identical lines in the downstream configuration (“viaabove”). This is because the Cu/SiN interface is the preferential void nucleation site and provides the fastest diffusion pathway in such an architecture. Failure analysis has shown that fatal partially-spanned voids usually had formed directly below the via for “via-above” configuration, and fully-spanned voids occurred in the lines above the vias for “via-below” configuration.On the other hand, failure analysis for CoWP-coated Cu structures showed that partiallyspanned voids below the via do not cause fatal failures in the downstream configuration. This is because the CoWP layer is conducting, and thus able to shunt current around the void. As a result, a large fully-spanning void is required to cause a failure, just like the upstream configuration. Thus the lifetime of an interconnect with a conducting cap layer is independent of whether the current is flowing upstream or downstream.

scholarly journals Nonconservative current-induced forces: A physical interpretation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 727-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tchavdar N Todorov ◽  
Daniel Dundas ◽  
Anthony T Paxton ◽  
Andrew P Horsfield
Keyword(s):  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Stimulated Emission ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Noninvasive Test ◽  
Electrical Current Flow ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Current

We give a physical interpretation of the recently demonstrated nonconservative nature of interatomic forces in current-carrying nanostructures. We start from the analytical expression for the curl of these forces, and evaluate it for a point defect in a current-carrying system. We obtain a general definition of the capacity of electrical current flow to exert a nonconservative force, and thus do net work around closed paths, by a formal noninvasive test procedure. Second, we show that the gain in atomic kinetic energy over time, generated by nonconservative current-induced forces, is equivalent to the uncompensated stimulated emission of directional phonons. This connection with electron–phonon interactions quantifies explicitly the intuitive notion that nonconservative forces work by angular momentum transfer.

scholarly journals Peridynamic Formulation for Coupled Thermoelectric Phenomena

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Migbar Assefa ◽  
Xin Lai ◽  
Lisheng Liu ◽  
Yang Liao
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Electrical Current Flow ◽  
Thermoelectric Convertor

Modeling of heat and electrical current flow simultaneously in thermoelectric convertor using classical theories do not consider the influence of defects in the material. This is because traditional methods are developed based on partial differential equations (PDEs) and lead to infinite fluxes at the discontinuities. The usual way of solving such PDEs is by using numerical technique, like Finite Element Method (FEM). Although FEM is robust and versatile, it is not suitable to model evolving discontinuities. To avoid such shortcomings, we propose the concept of peridynamic theory to derive the balance of energy and charge equations in the coupled thermoelectric phenomena. Therefore, this paper presents the transport of heat and charge in thermoelectric material in the framework of peridynamic (PD) theory. To illustrate the reliability of the PD formulation, numerical examples are presented and results are compared with those from literature, analytical solutions, or finite element solutions.

Bone Formation and Impedance of Electrical Current Flow

1981 ◽  
Vol &NA; (155) ◽  
pp. 196???210 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. COLLINS ◽  
D. C. PATERSON ◽  
B. VERNON-ROBERTS ◽  
D. PFEIFFER
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrical Current Flow

scholarly journals Cryoelectrolysis—electrolytic processes in a frozen physiological saline medium

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Lugnani ◽  
Matteo Macchioro ◽  
Boris Rubinsky
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Effective Period ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Electrical Current Flow ◽  
Electrolytic Ablation

BackgroundCryoelectrolysis is a new minimally invasive tissue ablation surgical technique that combines the ablation techniques of electrolytic ablation with cryosurgery. The goal of this study is to examine the hypothesis that electrolysis can take place in a frozen aqueous saline solution.MethodTo examine the hypothesis we performed a cryoelectrolytic ablation protocol in which electrolysis and cryosurgery are delivered simultaneously in a tissue simulant made of physiological saline gel with a pH dye. We measured current flow, voltage and extents of freezing and pH dye staining.ResultsUsing optical measurements and measurements of currents, we have shown that electrolysis can occur in frozen physiological saline, at high subzero freezing temperatures, above the eutectic temperature of the frozen salt solution. It was observed that electrolysis occurs when the tissue resides at high subzero temperatures during the freezing stage and essentially throughout the entire thawing stage. We also found that during thawing, the frozen lesion temperature raises rapidly to high subfreezing values and remains at those values throughout the thawing stage. Substantial electrolysis occurs during the thawing stage. Another interesting finding is that electro-osmotic flows affect the process of cryoelectrolysis at the anode and cathode, in different ways.DiscussionThe results showing that electrical current flow and electrolysis occur in frozen saline solutions imply a mechanism involving ionic movement in the fluid concentrated saline solution channels between ice crystals, at high subfreezing temperatures. Temperatures higher than the eutectic are required for the brine to be fluid. The particular pattern of temperature and electrical currents during the thawing stage of frozen tissue, can be explained by the large amounts of energy that must be removed at the outer edge of the frozen lesion because of the solid/liquid phase transformation on that interface.ConclusionElectrolysis can occur in a frozen domain at high subfreezing temperature, probably above the eutectic. It appears that the most effective period for delivering electrolytic currents in cryoelectrolysis is during the high subzero temperatures stage while freezing and immediately after cooling has stopped, throughout the thawing stage.

A computer model for the study of electrical current flow in the human thorax

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 305-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Johnson ◽  
Robert S. MacLeod ◽  
Philip R. Ershler
Keyword(s):  
Computer Model ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrical Current Flow ◽  
Human Thorax
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