Nucleation of Ammonium Chloride Particles from Hydrogen Chloride and Ammonia in Air

1959 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1684-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Twomey
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride

Formation of ammonium chloride particles from hydrogen chloride and ammonia in the atmosphere

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. S463-S464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Kulmala ◽  
Jyrki Mäkelä ◽  
Tom W Choularton ◽  
Alfred Wiedensohler ◽  
Hans-Christen Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride

THE HYDROLYSIS AND POLYMERIZATION OF CYANOGEN CHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (5) ◽  
pp. 430-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Van Cleave ◽  
H. E. Mitton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Pressure Increase ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Cyanogen Chloride ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Autocatalytic Effect

Cyanogen chloride reacts quantitatively with water in the presence of hydrochloric acid according to the equation: CNCl + 2H2O → CO2 + NH4Cl. As the percentage of hydrochloric acid is reduced towards zero, the rate of hydrolysis at 30 °C. becomes exceedingly slow. The rate of hydrolysis, as indicated by the pressure increase, shows an increase with time which is particularly marked when the concentration of hydrogen chloride is less than 1%. This apparent autocatalytic effect is not due to the accumulation of solid ammonium chloride. A polymerization reaction, the rate of which is increased by the addition of dry hydrogen chloride, proceeds simultaneously with the hydrolysis reaction. Pure cyanogen chloride shows little or no tendency to polymerize at 30 °C. Carbon dioxide has been shown to be quite soluble in liquid cyanogen chloride and an explanation has been suggested for the form of the pressure vs. time curves obtained in studying the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and polymerization of cyanogen chloride.

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