Flow through a Rocket Nozzle with and without Vibrational Equilibrium

1949 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Penner
1956 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Rastogi ◽  
T. P. Pandya

Author(s):  
D Lentini

A quasi-linear formulation is proposed for high-speed finite-rate chemically reacting mixtures of imperfect gases, i.e. thermally perfect gases with specific heat varying with temperature, as an extension of a previously developed formulation for perfect gases. The form is suitable for application of accurate and fast algorithms. In particular, the resulting equations keep the same formalism already derived for reacting mixtures of perfect gases, thus indicating the potential for a straightforward extension of existing computational algorithms. In order to assess the applicability of the approach, the assumption of vibrational equilibrium needs to be verified. Accordingly, vibrational, as well as chemical, relaxation regimes are checked in a high expansion ratio rocket nozzle, indicating that the assumption under consideration is fully warranted. The effect of nozzle size on engine performance is also predicted.


Author(s):  
Richard L. Leino ◽  
Jon G. Anderson ◽  
J. Howard McCormick

Groups of 12 fathead minnows were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5) with reagent grade H2SO4 by means of a multichannel toxicant system for flow-through bioassays. Untreated water (pH 7.5) had the following properties: hardness 45.3 ± 0.3 (95% confidence interval) mg/1 as CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 ± 0.2 mg/1; Cl- 0.03 meq/1; Na+ 0.05 meq/1; K+ 0.01 meq/1; Ca2+ 0.68 meq/1; Mg2+ 0.26 meq/1; dissolved O2 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/1; free CO2 3.2 ± 0.4 mg/1; T= 24.3 ± 0.1°C. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd gills were subsequently processed for LM (methacrylate), TEM and SEM respectively.Three changes involving chloride cells were correlated with increasing acidity: 1) the appearance of apical pits (figs. 2,5 as compared to figs. 1, 3,4) in chloride cells (about 22% of the chloride cells had pits at pH 5.0); 2) increases in their numbers and 3) increases in the % of these cells in the epithelium of the secondary lamellae.


Author(s):  
Tian-Chyi Yeh ◽  
Raziuddin Khaleel ◽  
Kenneth C. Carroll
Keyword(s):  

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