Improved FEM for Precise Evaluation of Rapid Changes in Work Function

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Maly
Keyword(s):  
Work Function ◽  
Precise Evaluation ◽  
Rapid Changes

Surface reactions observed by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM)

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
H.H. Rotermund
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Work Function ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Clean Surface ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Single Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Photoemission Electron

Chemical reactions at a surface will in most cases show a measurable influence on the work function of the clean surface. This change of the work function δφ can be used to image the local distributions of the investigated reaction,.if one of the reacting partners is adsorbed at the surface in form of islands of sufficient size (Δ>0.2μm). These can than be visualized via a photoemission electron microscope (PEEM). Changes of φ as low as 2 meV give already a change in the total intensity of a PEEM picture. To achieve reasonable contrast for an image several 10 meV of δφ are needed. Dynamic processes as surface diffusion of CO or O on single crystal surfaces as well as reaction / diffusion fronts have been observed in real time and space.

Epitaxial ferroelectric thin films

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
S. G. Ghonge ◽  
E. Goo ◽  
R. Ramesh ◽  
R. Haakenaasen ◽  
D. K. Fork
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Work Function ◽  
Nonvolatile Memory ◽  
Ferroelectric Properties ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Memory Devices ◽  
Ferroelectric Films ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Wide Range

Microstructure of epitaxial ferroelectric/conductive oxide heterostructures on LaAIO3(LAO) and Si substrates have been studied by conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The epitaxial films have a wide range of potential applications in areas such as non-volatile memory devices, electro-optic devices and pyroelectric detectors. For applications such as electro-optic devices the films must be single crystal and for applications such as nonvolatile memory devices and pyroelectric devices single crystal films will enhance the performance of the devices. The ferroelectric films studied are Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3(PLZT), PbTiO3(PT), BiTiO3(BT) and Pb0.9La0.1(Zr0.2Ti0.8)0.975O3(PLZT).Electrical contact to ferroelectric films is commonly made with metals such as Pt. Metals generally have a large difference in work function compared to the work function of the ferroelectric oxides. This results in a Schottky barrier at the interface and the interfacial space charge is believed to responsible for domain pinning and degradation in the ferroelectric properties resulting in phenomenon such as fatigue.

Economic Way of Thought and Legislationon Nonprofit Organizations

2012 ◽  
pp. 48-63
Author(s):  
L. Yakobson
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
Social Medium ◽  
The State ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Essential Prerequisite

The article considers proper legislation as an essential prerequisite for actualization of NPOs comparative advantages. Restrictions imposed on NPOs are reasonable if they are compensated by benefits from greater trust. The rigidity of constrains and requirements should be optimized while accounting for peculiarities of a social medium, the state of the nonprofit sector, and the governments readiness to encourage the development of the latter. As empirical data suggests, Russian NPOs being on different stages of maturity need separate legal treatment. In the meanwhile, interests that prevail in the NPOs community are not always conducive to rapid changes.

Section 6.a Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca PRICE ◽  
Christine DE LILLE ◽  
Cara WRIGLEY ◽  
Kees DORST
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Organizational Leadership ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Rapid Changes

There is an increasing need for organizations to adapt to rapid changes in society. This need requires organizations’ and the leader within them, to explore, recognize, build and exploit new capabilities. Researching such capabilities has drawn attention from the design management research community in recent years. Dominantly, research contributions have focused on perspectives of innovation and the strategic application of design with the researcher distanced from context. Descriptive and evaluative case studies of past organizational leadership have been vital, by building momentum for the design movement. However, there is a need now to progress toward prescriptive and explorative research perspectives that embrace context through practice and the simultaneous research of design.  Therefore, the aim of this track is to lead and progress discussion on research methodologies that support the research community in developing explorative and prescriptive research methodologies for context-orientated organizational research. This track brings together a group of diverse international researchers and practitioners to fuel discussion on design approaches and subsequent outcomes of prescriptive and explorative research methodologies.

State of the conduction electrons and the work function of a metal

1994 ◽  
Vol 164 (4) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.V. Vasil'ev ◽  
M.I. Kaganov ◽  
V.L. Lyuboshits
Keyword(s):  
Work Function ◽  
Conduction Electrons

Work Function for Applications

2009 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiko Yoshitake ◽  
Shinjiro Yagyu
Keyword(s):  
Work Function

TEISMINIŲ DOKUMENTŲ ĮVARDIJIMAI TREČIAJAME LIETUVOS STATUTE IR JŲ RAIDOS BRUOŽAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018/2 ◽  
pp. 31-53
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Open Letter ◽  
Power Of Attorney ◽  
The Third ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Judicial Procedures ◽  
Early 18Th Century

DESIGNATION OF JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS IN THE THIRD STATUTE OF LITHUANIA AND THE ATTRIBUTES OF THEIR EVOLUTION ADAM STANKEVIČ The author of the article analyses the designation of documents drawn up and issued by the court, their conception, field of application, and place in the court procedure as presented in the Third Statute of Lithuania (TSL). In addition, an attempt is made to exhibit the changes that such documents and their designations underwent in later centuries (until the end of the 18th c.) by means of the example of the Lithuanian Tribunal. The research revealed that documents which in the sources from different periods were referred to by the same name meant different things or were simultaneously attributed several meanings. In the 17th-18th century, only part of the terms featured in the Third Statute of Lithuania were used in the judicial practice of the Lithuanian Tribunal, and with time some of them were replaced with other terms. Several terms denoting summonses (pozew, mandat, zakaz) can be identified in the TSL, and all of them were in use until the very end of the 18th century. However, a single term – dekret / decretum – was used to designate the judgement (actually, for some time there was a differentiation between the court judgement and its procedural summary, but later the generalized term for the judgement prevailed). A number of documents in the TSL are referred to as the “open letter”, however, later some of them acquired specialised names (e.g. the power of attorney). With time, there were certain changes in the context in which some of the terms were used (e.g. the term “cedule” which in the 18th century was already consistently used exceptionally in a particular situation, namely when a litigant refused to obey the order of the court and informed in writing a judicial officer of such refusal) or the terms themselves underwent certain changes (in the 18th century the term membran was substituted with the term blankiet). Part of the judicial documents mentioned in the TSL disappeared in the long run or there was a certain decrease in their significance (this is true of the reminder and adjournment documents as well as glejt (protection letter)). The examples above suggest that the Lithuanian Tribunal would sometimes issue reminders and guarantee documents, though legal acts did not explicitly provide for that. The TSL offered a number of terms hardly related with the investigation of a case, therefore in the early 18th century, with the improvement of judicial procedures, they underwent rapid changes. The procedure of the implementation of a court ruling, which underwent significant changes, is accountable for the introduction of new terms, for example, with time several terms pertaining to the notification of the litigants were used simultaneously (obwieszczenie, innotescencyja, list tradycyjny). Most probably due to the unification processes observed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century, a number of Latin origin terms were introduced in the judicial practice of the GDL, e.g. cytacyja, decyzyja, innotestencyja, plenipotencyja, obdukcyja, wizyja, inkwizycyja, weryfikacyja, kalkulacyja, tradycyja (all of them had been used in Poland but were not featured in the TSL).

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