A cryo‐cooled mass spectrometer ion source for atmospheric composition measurements at supersonic rocket velocities

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1569-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Offermann ◽  
H. Tatarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Composition Measurements

scholarly journals Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer for Ice Giant Atmospheres Exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Simcic ◽  
D. Nikolić ◽  
A. Belousov ◽  
D. Atkinson ◽  
C. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
Quadrupole Ion Trap ◽  
Atomic Mass ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Inlet System ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Entry Probe ◽  
Composition Measurements

AbstractTo date, a variety of different types of mass spectrometers have been utilized on missions to study the composition of atmospheres of solar system bodies, including Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Titan, the moon, and several comets. With the increasing interest in future small probe missions, mass spectrometers need to become even more versatile, lightweight, compact, and sensitive.For in situ exploration of ice giant atmospheres, the highest priority composition measurements are helium and the other noble gases, noble gas isotopes, including 3He/4He, and other key isotopes like D/H. Other important but lower priority composition measurements include abundances of volatiles C, N, S, and P; isotopes 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/17O/16O; and disequilibrium species PH3, CO, AsH3, GeH4, and SiH4. Required measurement accuracies are largely defined by the accuracies achieved by the Galileo (Jupiter) probe Neutral Mass Spectrometer and Helium Abundance Detectors, and current measurement accuracies of solar abundances.An inherent challenge of planetary entry probe mass spectrometers is the introduction of material to be sampled (gas, solid, or liquid) into the instrument interior, which operates at a vacuum level. Atmospheric entry probe mass spectrometers typically require a specially designed sample inlet system, which ideally provides highly choked, nearly constant mass-flow intake over a large range of ambient pressures. An ice giant descent probe would have to operate for 1-2 hours over a range of atmospheric pressures, possibly covering 2 or more orders of magnitude, from the tropopause near 100 mbar to at least 10 bars, in an atmospheric layer of depth beneath the tropopause of about 120 km at Neptune and about 150 km at Uranus.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (QITMS) is being developed to achieve all of these requirements. A compact, wireless instrument with a mass of only 7.5 kg, and a volume of 7 liters (7U), the JPL QITMS is currently the smallest flight mass spectrometer available for possible use on planetary descent probes as well as small bodies, including comet landers and surface sample return missions. The QITMS is capable of making measurements of all required constituents in the mass range of 1–600 atomic mass units (u) at a typical speed of 50 mass spectra per second, with a sensitivity of up to $10^{13}$ 10 13  counts/mbar/sec and mass resolution of $m/\Delta m=18000$ m / Δ m = 18000 at m/q = 40. (Throughout this paper we use the unit of m/q = u/e for the mass-to-charge ratio, where atomic mass unit and elementary charge are $1~\text{u} = 1.66\times 10^{-27}~\text{kg}$ 1 u = 1.66 × 10 − 27 kg and $1\text{e} = 1.6\times 10^{-19}$ 1 e = 1.6 × 10 − 19 C, respectively.) The QITMS features a novel MEMS-based inlet system driven by a piezoelectric actuator that continuously regulates gas flow at inlet pressures of up to 100 bar.In this paper, we present an overview of the QITMS capabilities, including instrument design and characteristics of the inlet system, as well as the most recent results from laboratory measurements in different modes of operation, especially suitable for ice giant atmospheres exploration.

scholarly journals Interaction of Fullerenes with Organosilanes in the Ionization Chamber of a Mass Spectrometer under Electron Impact and the Reaction of C60with Tetraphenylsilane in Solution under UV Irradiation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yury I. Lyakhovetsky ◽  
Elena A. Shilova ◽  
Alexandra P. Pleshkova ◽  
Alexander I. Belokon ◽  
Sergey O. Yakushin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Impact ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Organic Radicals ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Derivatives Of

C60was shown to react with organosilanes Me4Si, Ph2SiH2, Ph2MeSiH, Ph4Si, andα-naphthylphenylmethylsilane in the electron ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer with the transfer of the corresponding organic radicals (Me, Ph, andα-naphthyl) from the silanes to the fullerene. The reactions were accompanied by hydrogen addition to some products and hydrogen loss from them. C70reacted with Me4Si analogously. A reaction mechanism involving homolytic dissociation of the silanes under electron impact to the corresponding organic radicals, which react further with C60at the surface of the ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer to give the respective adducts, was offered. A mechanistic study of the reaction of C60with Me4Si supported it. No silicon containing derivatives of the fullerenes were found. C60reacted with Ph4Si in solution under UV irradiation in a similar fashion furnishing phenyl derivatives of the fullerene. These results provide an additional support to the hypothesis formulated earlier thatthe homolytic reactive mass spectrometry of fullerenes (the reactions of fullerenes with other species in the ionization chambers of mass spectrometers and their mass spectral monitoring)can predict the reactivity of them toward the same reagents in solution to a significant extent.

scholarly journals Development of New Type Ion Source of Quadrupole Type Mass Spectrometer for UF6Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 687-693
Author(s):  
Yuukou NAGATORO ◽  
Ken-ichi OCHIAI ◽  
Akira KAYA
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
New Type ◽  
Type Mass

The gas phase reactivity of the dimethylchloronium ion with alkylbenzenes

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (15) ◽  
pp. 2412-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Stone ◽  
Margaret S. Lin ◽  
Jeffrey Varah
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Nucleophilic Displacement ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
Displacement Reactions ◽  
Bonded Complexes

The reactivity of the dimethylchloronium ion with a series of aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied in a high pressure mass spectrometer ion source using the technique of reactant ion monitoring. Benzene is unreactive but all others, from toluene to mesitylene, react by CH3+ transfer to yield σ-bonded complexes. The relative rate of reaction increases with increasing exothermicity in line with current theories of nucleophilic displacement reactions.

Improvement of the Ion Transmission in a Typical Mass Spectrometer Ion Source

1963 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 2486-2487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Conzemius ◽  
Harry J. Svec
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Ion Transmission

scholarly journals In-Situ Chemical and Isotopic Measurements of the Atmosphere of Jupiter

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064
Author(s):  
P.R. Mahaffy ◽  
S.K. Atreya ◽  
H.B. Niemann ◽  
T.C. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Lateral Mixing ◽  
Detailed Composition ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Galileo Probe ◽  
Spectrometer Data

AbstractInsights into both the detailed composition of Jupiter’s atmosphere and unexpected local meteorological phenomena were revealed by in-situ measurements from the Galileo Probe Neutral Mass Spectrometer taken on December 7, 1995. Measurements of the neutral atmospheric composition from a pressure of 0.5 bar to approximately 21 bar revealed the mixing ratios of the major species helium and hydrogen as well as numerous minor constituents including methane, water, ammonia, ethane, ethylene, propane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. This instrument measured the isotope ratios3He/4He, D/H, and13C/12C as well as the isotopes of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. A summary is given of progress that has been made in refining preliminary estimates of the abundances of condensable volatiles and noble gases as a result of an ongoing laboratory study using a nearly identical engineering unit. The depletion of simple condensable species to depths well below their expected condensation levels is explained by a local downdraft in the region of the probe entry. The mass spectrometer data suggests that different species may recover at different depths and this may be due to lateral mixing of Jovian air.

scholarly journals Measurements of hydroperoxy radicals (HO<sub>2</sub>) at atmospheric concentrations using bromide chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 891-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha R. Albrecht ◽  
Anna Novelli ◽  
Andreas Hofzumahaus ◽  
Sungah Kang ◽  
Yare Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Chemical Ionisation ◽  
Ionisation Mass

Abstract. Hydroxyl and hydroperoxy radicals are key species for the understanding of atmospheric oxidation processes. Their measurement is challenging due to their high reactivity; therefore, very sensitive detection methods are needed. Within this study, the measurement of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) using chemical ionisation combined with a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Aerodyne Research Inc.) employing bromide as the primary ion is presented. The sensitivity reached is equal to 0.005×108 HO2 cm−3 for 106 cps of bromide and 60 s of integration time, which is below typical HO2 concentrations found in the atmosphere. The detection sensitivity of the instrument is affected by the presence of water vapour. Therefore, a water-vapour-dependent calibration factor that decreases approximately by a factor of 2 if the water vapour mixing ratio increases from 0.1 % to 1.0 % needs to be applied. An instrumental background, most likely generated by the ion source that is equivalent to a HO2 concentration of (1.5±0.2)×108 molecules cm−3, is subtracted to derive atmospheric HO2 concentrations. This background can be determined by overflowing the inlet with zero air. Several experiments were performed in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR at the Forschungszentrum Jülich to test the instrument performance in comparison to the well-established laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique for measurements of HO2. A highly linear correlation coefficient of R2=0.87 is achieved. The slope of the linear regression of 1.07 demonstrates the good absolute agreement of both measurements. Chemical conditions during experiments allowed for testing the instrument's behaviour in the presence of atmospheric concentrations of H2O, NOx, and O3. No significant interferences from these species were observed. All of these facts demonstrate a reliable measurement of HO2 by the chemical ionisation mass spectrometer presented.

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