Optical Measurements of Liquid Water in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Robinson Painter ◽  
R. D. Birkhoff ◽  
E. T. Arakawa
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Water ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Optical Measurements

scholarly journals Infrared spectroscopy of neutral water clusters at finite temperature: Evidence for a noncyclic pentamer

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (27) ◽  
pp. 15423-15428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingbing Zhang ◽  
Yong Yu ◽  
Yang-Yang Zhang ◽  
Shukang Jiang ◽  
Qinming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Water Clusters ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding Networks ◽  
Neutral Water

Infrared spectroscopic study of neutral water clusters is crucial to understanding of the hydrogen-bonding networks in liquid water and ice. Here we report infrared spectra of size-selected neutral water clusters, (H2O)n(n= 3−6), in the OH stretching vibration region, based on threshold photoionization using a tunable vacuum ultraviolet free-electron laser. Distinct OH stretch vibrational fundamentals observed in the 3,500−3,600-cm−1region of (H2O)5provide unique spectral signatures for the formation of a noncyclic pentamer, which coexists with the global-minimum cyclic structure previously identified in the gas phase. The main features of infrared spectra of the pentamer and hexamer, (H2O)n(n= 5 and 6), span the entire OH stretching band of liquid water, suggesting that they start to exhibit the richness and diversity of hydrogen-bonding networks in bulk water.

Electronic Properties of Liquid Water in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 282-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Robinson Painter ◽  
R. N. Hamm ◽  
E. T. Arakawa ◽  
R. D. Birkhoff
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet

Optical Reflectivities of Liquid Water in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 4548-4549 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Robinson ◽  
L. C. Emerson ◽  
J. G. Carter ◽  
R. D. Birkhoff
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Water ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet

Optical Measurements of Sea Ice in the Gulf of Finland

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 207-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Rasmus ◽  
Jens Ehn ◽  
Mats Granskog ◽  
Eija Kärkäs ◽  
Matti Leppäranta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Fast Ice ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Weakly Dependent ◽  
Good Agreement

During the spring of 1998, measurements of total albedos, spectral albedos and ice transparency were made on coastal fast ice in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, to produce values for models, to compare instruments and to test a new method for measuring under ice irradiance. The broadband albedos between 400 and 700 nm varied between 0.19 and 0.76, and those between 300 and 1,100 nm were from 0.16 to 0.75. The condition of the surface, and especially the presence of liquid water or snow, was the most important factor affecting the albedos, but also the cloudcover and forest shading had an effect. The diffuse attenuation coefficient integrated over the range 400 to 700 nm was 6.8 m−1. Spectral albedos were weakly dependent on wavelength in the visible band (300-800 nm) decreasing in the longer wavelengths. The albedo results were in good agreement with earlier observations.

Optical Absorption of Liquid Water in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Sowers ◽  
R. D. Birkhoff ◽  
E. T. Arakawa
Keyword(s):  
Optical Absorption ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet

Oscillator Strength Measurements in the Vacuum-Ultraviolet by the Emission Method

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 353-356
Author(s):  
C. Goldbach ◽  
G. Nollez
Keyword(s):  
Oscillator Strength ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Oscillator Strengths ◽  
Emission Method ◽  
Absolute Scale ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThe principles and the realization of an experiment devoted to oscillator strength measurements in the vacuum-ultraviolet by the emission method are briefly presented. The results obtained for the strong multiplets of neutral nitrogen and carbon in the 1200-2000 Å range yield an absolute scale of oscillator strengths in good agreement with the most recent calculations.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

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