Comparison of Individual Hydration Energies for Positive and Negative Ions on the Basis of Gas‐Phase Hydration Experiments

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1049-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kebarle ◽  
M. Arshadi ◽  
J. Scarborough
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Hydration Energies

Hydration of CN−, NO2−, NO3−, and OH− in the Gas Phase

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (20) ◽  
pp. 3308-3314 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Payzant ◽  
R. Yamdagni ◽  
P. Kebarle
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Bond Dissociation Energy ◽  
Dissociation Energy ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Thermochemical Data ◽  
Electron Affinities ◽  
Hydration Energies

By measuring the A−(H2O)n−1 + H2O = A−(H2O)n equilibria in the gas phase and their temperature dependence, the equilibrium constants and ΔHn, n–1 and ΔSn, n–1 for some of the hydrates of NO2−, NO3−, CN−, and OH− were determined. Available thermochemical data are used for the evaluation of the total heats of hydration of the above ions. The total heats of hydration were then compared with the ΔH1,0. Relative to the total hydration energies the ΔH1,0 of the above ions were found larger than the ΔH1,0 of the halide ions.An approximate linear correlation was found to exist between ΔH1,0 of negative ions and the heterolytic bond dissociation energy D(A−–H+). With this relationship independent estimates for the electron affinities of NO2 and NO3 could be obtained.The ΔHn, n–1 of OH− were found in essential agreement with earlier measurements from this laboratory and in disagreements with recent measurements (Friedman) which gave much higher values.

Ion chemistry of second-row transition metals in hydrocarbon flames: cations and anions of Y, Zr, Nb, and Mo

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2263-2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine C.Y. Chow ◽  
John M. Goodings
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metals ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Oxidation States ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Ion Chemistry ◽  
Hydrocarbon Flames

A pair of laminar, premixed, CH4–O2 flames above 2000 K at atmospheric pressure, one fuel-rich (FR) and the other fuel-lean (FL), were doped with ~10−6 mol fraction of the second-row transition metals Y, Zr, Nb, and Mo. Since these hydrocarbon flames contain natural ionization, metallic ions were produced in the flames by the chemical ionization (CI) of metallic neutral species, primarily by H3O+ and OH− as CI sources. Both positive and negative ions of the metals were observed as profiles of ion concentration versus distance along the flame axis by sampling the flames through a nozzle into a mass spectrometer. For yttrium, the observed ions include the YO+•nH2O (n = 0–3) series, and Y(OH)4−. With zirconium, they include the ZrO(OH)+•nH2O (n = 0–2) series, and ZrO(OH)3−. Those observed with niobium were the cations Nb(OH)3+ and Nb(OH)4+, and the single anion NbO2(OH)2−. For molybdenum, they include the cations MoO(OH)2+ and MoO(OH)3+, and the anions MoO3− and MoO3(OH)−. Not every ion was observed in each flame; the FL flame tended to favour the ions in higher oxidation states. Also, flame ions in higher oxidation states were emphasized for these second-row transition metals compared with their first-row counterparts. Some ions written as members of hydrate series may have structures different from those of simple hydrates; e.g., YO+•H2O = Y(OH)2+ and ZrO(OH)+•H2O = Zr(OH)3+, etc. The ion chemistry for the production of these ions by CI in flames is discussed in detail. Keywords: transition metals, ions, flame, gas phase, negative ions.

Gas-phase chemistry of the negative ions derived from azo- and hydrazobenzene

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steen Ingemann ◽  
Roel H. Fokkens ◽  
Nico M. M. Nibbering
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Gas Phase Chemistry ◽  
Phase Chemistry

Formation of gas-phase negative ions in vinylene carbonate

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N. Compton ◽  
P.W. Reinhardt ◽  
H.C. Schweinler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Vinylene Carbonate

Carbanion Rearrangements in the Gas Phase: The Unusual Claisen Rearrangement of Deprotonated Allyl Vinyl Ether

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
PCH Eichinger ◽  
JH Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Vinyl Ether ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Claisen Rearrangement ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Wittig Rearrangement ◽  
Major Reaction

Allyl vinyl ether is reported to undergo a facile Wittig rearrangement to yield penta-1,4-dien-3-ol under base- catalysed conditions in the condensed phase. In marked contrast, the Wittig rearrangement is not a major reaction in the gas phase. Instead, initial rearrangement occurs by a Claisen process and subsequent fragmentations involve some of the most complex interconversions yet proposed for negative ions.

Vanadium Hydroxide Cluster Ions in the Gas Phase: Bond-Forming Reactions of Doubly-Charged Negative Ions by SO2 -Promoted V−O Activation

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (49) ◽  
pp. 11752-11756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Troiani ◽  
Marzio Rosi ◽  
Stefania Garzoli ◽  
Chiara Salvitti ◽  
Giulia de Petris
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
Bond Forming Reactions ◽  
Doubly Charged

Reactions of negative ions in the gas phase

2007 ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Bowie ◽  
V. C. Trenerry ◽  
G. Klass
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Negative Ions

The first twenty-eight gas-phase proton hydration energies

1991 ◽  
Vol 182 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Magnera ◽  
Donald E. David ◽  
Josef Michl
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Hydration Energies
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document