Thermal Treatment Techniques: Incineration, Gasification, and Pyrolysis

2016 ◽  
pp. 149-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Yan ◽  
Qunxing Huang ◽  
Shengyong Lu ◽  
Xiaodong Li ◽  
Yong Chi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Treatment Techniques

Clean-up of contaminated sites: experiences in the netherlands

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Rulkens ◽  
A. Honders
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Gasoline Hydrocarbons ◽  
In Situ Methods

The number of more or less strongly contaminated sites in the Netherlands amounts to about 100,000. For more than ten years soil treatment techniques have been developed and used to clean-up those contaminated sites. The major clean-up techniques for excavated soil are extraction/wet classification, thermal treatment and biological treatment by landfarming. With extraction/wet classification experience is available with the treatment of sandy soils with a clay or humus percentage of less than 20%. The type of pollutants which have been removed with extraction/classification varies strongly: PAH, hydrocarbons, mineral oil, cyanides, Cd, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni. With thermal treatment, experience is available with all types of soil, contaminated with cyanides, PAH, mineral oil, hydrocarbons, gasoline and HCH. With landfarming, experience is limited to the treatment of sandy soils polluted with easily biodegradable components such as gasoline hydrocarbons, low molecular PAH and mineral oil. Up to now more than 4,000,000 tonnes of soil have been treated with these methods. The major in situ clean-up methods are liquid extraction, soil vapour extraction and biorestoration. However, in comparison with the clean-up of excavated soils the practical experience with these in situ methods is still limited. Research and development is still going on and is especially focused on the improvement of the clean-up techniques for excavated soil, and the improvement and further development of in situ treatment techniques, especially in situ biorestoration.

Effect of calcium-based sorbents on the reduction of chlorinated contaminants during municipal solid waste thermal treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1480-1488
Author(s):  
Zhaozhi Zhou ◽  
Yong Chi ◽  
Yuanjun Tang ◽  
Junpeng Hu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Homogeneous Reaction ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Chlorinated Contaminants ◽  
Reduction Effect

Chlorinated contaminants are a cause of significant concern in the development of municipal solid waste (MSW) thermal treatment techniques. This study investigates the efficacy of two calcium (Ca)-based in-furnace additives, calcium oxide (CaO), and calcined dolomite (CD), at reducing the levels of chlorinated contaminants during MSW thermal treatment. The results reveal that Ca-based additives could effectively reduce the chlorine (Cl) content by more than 76.8% and 37.3% in the gas and tar phases, respectively. The total concentration and the international total equivalent (I-TEQ) value of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) were significantly higher under the incineration condition than pyrolysis and gasification conditions. Adding CaO could reduce the total concentration and the I-TEQ value of PCDD/Fs by more than 43.4% and 36.7%, respectively. The reduction effect on PCDD/Fs was more significant in the gaseous phase and the tar phase than the solid phase. CD was more effective than CaO at reducing the chlorinated contaminants, including hydrogen chloride, Cl in the tar phase, and PCDD/Fs. Thus, adding Ca-based sorbents in the furnace during MSW pyrolysis and gasification can effectively reduce PCDD/Fs generation. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism of Ca-based sorbents on the high-temperature homogeneous reaction of PCDD/Fs formation was analysed.

Pollutant Identification by Selected Area Electron Diffraction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 532-533
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson ◽  
C. W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Multiple Component

Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) has been used successfully to determine crystal structures, identify traces of minerals in rocks, and characterize the phases formed during thermal treatment of micron-sized particles. There is an increased interest in the method because it has the potential capability of identifying micron-sized pollutants in air and water samples. This paper is a short review of the theory behind SAD and a discussion of the sample preparation employed for the analysis of multiple component environmental samples.

Development of Crystallinity in Turbostratic Boron Nitride Derived from Polymeric Precursors

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 954-955
Author(s):  
X. Qiu ◽  
A. K. Datye ◽  
T. T. Borek ◽  
R. T. Paine
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Polymeric Precursors ◽  
Polymer Precursors ◽  
Diffuse Ring

Boron nitride derived from polymer precursors is of great interest for applications such as fibers, coatings and novel forms such as aerogels. The BN is prepared by the polymerization of functionalized borazine and thermal treatment in nitrogen at 1200°C. The BN powders obtained by this route are invariably trubostratic wherein the sheets of hexagonal BN are randomly oriented to yield the so-called turbostratic modification. Fib 1a and 1b show images of BN powder with the corresponding diffraction pattern in fig. 1c. The (0002) reflection from BN is seen as a diffuse ring with occational spots that come from crystals of BN such as those shown in fig. 1b. The (0002) lattice fringes of BN seen in these powders are the most characteristic indication of the crystallinity of the BN.

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