Exploring Temporal Coordination of Events with Facebook.com

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhair Khan ◽  
Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Social Event ◽  
Temporal Coordination ◽  
Interactive Spaces ◽  
Interactive Behavior ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Before And After

The coordination of a social event requires a number of time-bounded tasks (exact time, location, activities of the event) to be determined prior to the event. On university campuses, Facebook is increasingly used to organize ad hoc physical gatherings within social groups. The coordination takes place via Facebook event pages and a ‘wall’ that represent online, shared, interactive spaces. This paper explores how such online interactive spaces facilitate the temporal coordination of social events. We content analyze Facebook's event pages and walls to understand how social group behavior is different from prevailing theories of group task progress and media use. The results suggest that, similar to many work groups, social groups exhibit differential interactive behaviors before and after the midpoint of when the event is created on Facebook and when the offline activity is going to happen. However, the results differ in the sense that the interactive behavior is highest before rather than after the midpoint. We also found that the involvement of the creator of the event pages is associated with higher interactive behavior of the social group. We discuss the findings and derive implications for the design of online tools for social event management.

Alfred Vierkandt’s notion of the social group

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512110531
Author(s):  
Sandro Segre
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
German Sociologist

German sociologist Alfred Vierkandt is hardly remembered today. This may seem surprising. Several prominent sociologists from the German-speaking countries contributed to the Handwörterbuch der Soziologie (1931), which Vierkandt edited and published. However, Vierkandt did not interact with any of them significantly, and this publication brought no recognition of the importance of his sociological oeuvre in Germany, the United States, or elsewhere. His key notion of the social group found no acknowledgment among other contemporary or later sociologists, even though several of them used this notion and discussed social groups in their own writings. Moreover, those who paid close attention to his writings, like Abel and Hochstim, evaluated them quite critically. Both before and after World War II, Vierkandt remained a solitary and relatively unknown author.

Towards a computational theory of social groups: A finite set of cognitive primitives for representing any and all social groups in the context of conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-62
Author(s):  
David Pietraszewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Mistaken Belief ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract We don't yet have adequate theories of what the human mind is representing when it represents a social group. Worse still, many people think we do. This mistaken belief is a consequence of the state of play: Until now, researchers have relied on their own intuitions to link up the concept social group on the one hand, and the results of particular studies or models on the other. While necessary, this reliance on intuition has been purchased at considerable cost. When looked at soberly, existing theories of social groups are either (i) literal, but not remotely adequate (such as models built atop economic games), or (ii) simply metaphorical (typically a subsumption or containment metaphor). Intuition is filling in the gaps of an explicit theory. This paper presents a computational theory of what, literally, a group representation is in the context of conflict: it is the assignment of agents to specific roles within a small number of triadic interaction types. This “mental definition” of a group paves the way for a computational theory of social groups—in that it provides a theory of what exactly the information-processing problem of representing and reasoning about a group is. For psychologists, this paper offers a different way to conceptualize and study groups, and suggests that a non-tautological definition of a social group is possible. For cognitive scientists, this paper provides a computational benchmark against which natural and artificial intelligences can be held.

Time budgets of group-housed pigs in relation to social aggression and production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly I O’Malley ◽  
Juan P Steibel ◽  
Ronald O Bates ◽  
Catherine W Ernst ◽  
Janice M Siegford
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Aggression ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Aggressive Behaviors ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Use Of Resources

Abstract Commercial producers house growing pigs by sex and weight to allow for efficient use of resources and provide pigs the welfare benefits of interacting with their conspecifics and more freedom of movement. However, introduction of unfamiliar pigs can cause increased aggression for 24-48 h as pigs establish social relationships. To address this issue, a better understanding of pig behavior is needed. The objectives of this study were to quantify time budgets of pigs following introduction into a new social group and how these changed over time, and to investigate how social aggression influences overall time budgets and production parameters. A total of 257 grow-finish Yorkshire barrows across 20 pens were introduced into new social groups at 10 wk of age (~23 kg) and observed for aggression and time budgets of behavior at 4 periods: immediately after introduction, 3, 6, and 9 wk later. Pigs were observed for duration of total aggression and initiated aggression (s) for 9 h after introduction and for 4 h at 3, 6, and 9 wk later. Time budgets were created by scan-sampling inactive, movement, ingestion, social, and exploration behaviors every 2 min for 4 h in the afternoon and summarizing proportion of time each behavior was performed by period. Least square means of each behavior were compared across time points. Pigs spent most of their time inactive. In general, the greatest change in pig behavior was observed between introduction and wk 3 (P<0.003), with gradual changes throughout the study period as pigs became more inactive (wk 3 vs. wk 6: P=0.209; wk 6 vs. wk 9: P=0.007) and spent less time on other behaviors. Pigs’ non-aggressive behavior and production parameters were compared to aggression using generalized linear mixed models. The time pigs spent on non-aggressive behaviors were negatively related to aggression (P<0.045) with few exceptions. Initiated aggression after introduction was negatively related to loin muscle area (P=0.003). These results show how finishing pigs spend their time in commercial facilities and indicate that behavior continues to change for up to 9 wk after introduction to a new social group. Efforts to reduce chronic levels of aggression should focus on promoting non-aggressive behaviors, such as exploration and movement, after the initial fighting that occurs immediately after introduction has waned and should be implemented for up at 9 wk after introduction into new social groups.

scholarly journals Social Group Size and Shelter Availability Influence Individual Metabolic Traits in a Social Fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Chrétien ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
Steven J Cooke ◽  
Shaun S Killen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Night Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Treatment ◽  
Shelter Availability

Abstract Group living is widespread among animal species and yields both costs and benefits. Presence of conspecifics can restrict or enhance the expression of individual behaviour, and the recent social environment is thought to affect behavioural responses in later contexts, even when individuals are alone. However, little is known about how social group size influences the expression of individual physiological traits, including metabolic rates. There is some evidence that shoaling can reduce fish metabolic rates but this variable may be affected by habitat conditions such as shelter availability via density-dependent processes. We investigated how social group size and shelter availability influence Eurasian minnow Phoxinus phoxinus metabolic rates estimated by respirometry. Respirometry trials were conducted on fish in isolation before and after they were housed for three weeks in a social treatment consisting in a specific group size (n = 4 or 8) and shelter availability (presence or absence of plant shelter in the experimental tank). Plant shelter was placed over respirometers for half of the duration of the respirometry trials, allowing estimation of minimum day-time and night-time metabolic rates in both conditions (in the presence or absence of plant shelter). Standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS) were also estimated over the entire trial. Minimum day-time and night-time metabolic rates estimated while in presence of plant shelter were lower than when estimated in absence of plant shelter, both before and after individuals were housed in their social treatment. After the social treatment, SMR were higher for fish that were held in groups of four as compared to that of fish held in groups of eight while MMR showed no difference. Plant shelter availability during the social treatments did not influence SMR or MMR. Our results suggest that social group size may directly influence energy demands of individuals, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of group size on variations in physiological traits associated with energy expenditure.

scholarly journals Sensing And Detecting Small-Scale Events Using Geosocial Media Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shishuo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Event Detection ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Type I ◽  
Social Event ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Data

<div>Small-scale events involve interactive human movement in limited space and time. Social media platforms possibly generate large amount of geospatially-referenced information related to small-scale events. It benefits individuals, management departments, and urban systems if small-scale events can be timely detected from social media platforms, where measuring the abnormal patterns of human movement to discover events and analyzing associated texts to interpret the reasons behind abnormal movement are two keys. Through investigating how people move as different events occur and measuring the patterns on social media platforms, small-scale events can be generally classified into two types, namely type I events with abrupt patterns and type II events with random occurrence of key factors, where social events and traffic events are representative correspondingly.</div><div>Despite many studies have been conducted to detect social events and traffic events using geosocial media data, there still are some un-answered questions requiring further research. Most existing studies did not identify occurring events from a full coverage of spatial, temporal, and semantic perspectives. Studies concerning social event detection lack efficient semantic analysis summarizing event content to infer the reasons driving the abnormal movement. The typical classification-based method regarding traffic event detection lacks investigation on how the spatiotemporal distribution of traffic relevant posts associate with the occurring traffic events, and simply assigns the detected events with predefined categories, missing events that indicate traffic anomalies but go beyond the predetermined categories.<br></div><div>In this thesis, spatial-temporal-semantic approaches are proposed to measure spatiotemporal patterns of posts and users of social media platforms to capture abnormal human movement, and analyze the content of associated posts to mine the reasons driving the movement. A variety of techniques including machine learning, natural language processing, and spatiotemporal analysis are adopted to realize effective detection. Based on one-year Twitter data collected in Toronto, 2014 Toronto International Film Festival and traffic anomaly detection are selected as two case studies to evaluate the performance of proposed approaches. Through comparing with the ground truth data, the result reveals that more than 80% of the detected events do refer to real-world events, which illustrates the feasibility and efficiency of proposed approaches.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Keywords: Small-scale event, Event detection, Geosocial media data, Traffic event, Social event, Twitter, Spatiotemporal clustering<br></div>

Statistical Properties of Social Group Evolution

2011 ◽  
pp. 38-56
Author(s):  
Gergely Palla ◽  
Tamás Vicsek
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Time Evolution ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Statistical Features ◽  
New Members ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
Group Evolution ◽  
General Statistical

The authors’ focus is on the general statistical features of the time evolution of communities (also called as modules, clusters or cohesive groups) in large social networks. These structural sub-units can correspond to highly connected circles of friends, families, or professional cliques, which are subject to constant change due to the intense fluctuations in the activity and communication patterns of people. The communities can grow by recruiting new members, or contract by loosing members; two (or more) groups may merge into a single community, while a large enough social group can split into several smaller ones; new communities are born and old ones may disappear. According to our results, the time evolution of social groups containing only a few members and larger communities, e.g., institutions show significant differences.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
James Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Regional Networks ◽  
Mix And Match ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge ◽  
Integrated Knowledge

This concluding chapter explains that for all of their eclecticism, and for all their seeming paradoxes, the polymaths of Islam were united by a common madrasa education, mastery of a canon of texts, and shared regional networks. Their curriculum went far beyond the grammar and logic emphasized in the madrasa. Even mastering substantive Islamic law from medieval Arabic texts was necessary, but not sufficient, to distinguish a high Persianate intellectual from his many, many competitors. Most of the ulama — especially those who rose to the top — studied a plethora of collateral disciplines: poetry, mysticism, astronomy, calligraphy, medicine, trade, and more. Secondary scholarship often pairs these forms of knowledge with discrete communities, differentiating scholars, poets, sufis, and physicians into distinct social groups, with the sufi-ulama dichotomy especially pronounced. However, these were not separate groups with separate corporate identities. Rather, they were discrete social roles performed by a single social group. Their integrated knowledge base allowed them to mix and match social functions with impunity.

On the Privacy and Utility of Anonymized Social Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Song ◽  
Xuesong Lu ◽  
Sadegh Nobari ◽  
Stéphane Bressan ◽  
Panagiotis Karras
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Do So

One is either on Facebook or not. Of course, this assessment is controversial and its rationale arguable. It is nevertheless not far, for many, from the reason behind joining social media and publishing and sharing details of their professional and private lives. Not only the personal details that may be revealed, but also the structure of the networks are sources of invaluable information for any organization wanting to understand and learn about social groups, their dynamics and members. These organizations may or may not be benevolent. It is important to devise, design and evaluate solutions that guarantee some privacy. One approach that reconciles the different stakeholders’ requirement is the publication of a modified graph. The perturbation is hoped to be sufficient to protect members’ privacy while it maintains sufficient utility for analysts wanting to study the social media as a whole. In this paper, the authors try to empirically quantify the inevitable trade-off between utility and privacy. They do so for two state-of-the-art graph anonymization algorithms that protect against most structural attacks, the k-automorphism algorithm and the k-degree anonymity algorithm. The authors measure several metrics for a series of real graphs from various social media before and after their anonymization under various settings.

scholarly journals Participation in social group and wellbeing status of rural women in Oyo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun Aderonke Adeleke ◽  
Falilat Shadefunmi Alani
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Group Participation ◽  
Multi Stage

This study examined participation in social group and wellbeing status of rural women in Oyo State. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to obtain data from 170 rural women who are members of selected social groups. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. More than half (54.1%) of the respondents had low level of social group participation. Benefits derived from social group participation were social control ( x̄ = 1.65), access to credits and loans ( x̄ =1.35), security of goods ( x̄ =1.62) and invitation to social functions ( x̄ =1.72). Time ( x̄ =0.64), distance of the meeting venue ( x̄ =0.45) and financial constraint ( x̄ =0.39) were some of the factors that affect social group participation among the women. There was no significant relationship between participation (r = 0.126) in social group and wellbeing status of rural women. Based on these findings, this study has implications for the assessment of social groups in rural communities as they serve as strong platform for dissemination of social and agricultural information. This study therefore recommends that social groups should be well organised by engaging in activities that will improve the quality of life of rural women in all spheres, this will increase their involvement in group activities, improve their wellbeing and ensure rural development.Keywords: Participation, social groups, social security, time, wellbeing

scholarly journals Identification of Body Behaviors and Facial Expressions Associated with Induced Orthopedic Pain in Four Equine Pain Scales

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2155
Author(s):  
Katrina Ask ◽  
Marie Rhodin ◽  
Lena-Mari Tamminen ◽  
Elin Hernlund ◽  
Pia Haubro Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Position Location ◽  
Interactive Behavior ◽  
Pain Scales ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pain Detection ◽  
Movement Asymmetry

Equine orthopedic pain scales are targeted towards horses with moderate to severe orthopedic pain. Improved assessment of pain behavior and pain-related facial expressions at rest may refine orthopedic pain detection for mild lameness grades. Therefore, this study explored pain-related behaviors and facial expressions and sought to identify frequently occurring combinations. Orthopedic pain was induced by intra-articular LPS in eight horses, and objective movement asymmetry analyses were performed before and after induction together with pain assessments at rest. Three observers independently assessed horses in their box stalls, using four equine pain scales simultaneously. Increase in movement asymmetry after induction was used as a proxy for pain. Behaviors and facial expressions commonly co-occurred and were strongly associated with movement asymmetry. Posture-related scale items were the strongest predictors of movement asymmetry. Display of facial expressions at rest varied between horses but, when present, were strongly associated with movement asymmetry. Reliability of facial expression items was lower than reliability of behavioral items. These findings suggest that five body behaviors (posture, head position, location in the box stall, focus, and interactive behavior) should be included in a scale for live assessment of mild orthopedic pain. We also recommend inclusion of facial expressions in pain assessment.

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