Racial group differences in support for citizenship duties and rights in the US: Racial differences citizenship duties and rights

Acta Politica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Coffé ◽  
Catherine Bolzendahl
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals Racial Differences in Nutritional Anemias: Analysis of Folate, Vitamin B12, and Iron Deficiencies

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 3387-3387
Author(s):  
Miguel Gonzalez Velez ◽  
Carolyn Mead-Harvey ◽  
Heidi E. Kosiorek ◽  
Yael Kusne ◽  
Leslie Padrnos
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
The Us ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background: Serum folate (SF), vitamin B12 (B12), and iron deficiencies (def) are common causes of nutritional anemias. These deficiencies are usually multifactorial, with nutritional and non-nutritional factors playing a role. SF, B12, and iron levels are usually ordered in the setting of anemia, and malnutrition with or without neurologic symptoms. Since folic acid fortification, the prevalence of SF def in the United States (US) is <1% in the general population. B12 def and iron def range between 6-12%, and 1-11% respectively depending on the population studied. The prevalence of nutritional anemias secondary to SF, B12, and/or iron def by racial groups in the US is poorly studied, and most data available focuses on non-Hispanic whites (NHW). We aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia secondary to nutritional deficiencies by racial groups in the US. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with SF, B12 and iron levels at Mayo Clinic Arizona between 01/2010 and 10/2018. Race was classified according to the NIH criteria. Normal laboratory values were determined according to our lab reference and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. SF levels (mcg/Lt) were defined as deficient <4, normal ≥4.0, and excess ≥20. B12 levels (ng/L) as deficient <150, borderline 150-400, normal >400-900, and excess ≥900. Iron def was determined by ferritin levels (mcg/L) as low <24, normal 24-336, elevated ≥336 for men, low <11, normal 11-307, elevated ≥307 for women. Demographics and clinical variables were compared between groups by chi-square test for frequency data or Kruskal Wallis rank-sum test for continuous variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used for a sample-level analysis adjusting for age and gender and using NHW as a reference group. Results: A total of 79,926 SF, 107,731 B12, and 39,827 ferritin samples from 67,683 patients were analyzed. Demographics and sample analysis are presented in Table 1. In the sample-level analysis, 23,008 (25%) had anemia with higher prevalence in the American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) 49% and African Americans (AA) 43% (p<0.001). The prevalence of SF def was 446/79,926 (0.6%), B12 def 1,548/107,731 (1.4%), and iron def 5,212/39,827 (13.1%). 23 had concomitant SF and B12 deficiency, 25 SF and iron def, and 144 B12 and iron def. The SF def prevalence by racial groups was: AI/AN 11 (1.9%), AA 19 (1.1%), NHW 378 (0.6%), Hispanic 28 (0.5%), Asian 4 (0.2%). The B12 def prevalence by racial groups was: Asian 89 (3.4%), NHW 1,274 (1.4%), Hispanic 87 (1.3%), AA 30 (1.3%), AI/AN 10 (1.3%). Iron def prevalence by racial groups: AI/AN 71 (20.5%), Asian 198 (17.6%), AA 180 (16.9%), Hispanic 432 (15.6%), NHW 4,161 (12.4%). In the multivariate sample-level analysis, the presence of anemia was higher in the AI/AN (OR: 4.51, 95%CI: 3.70-5.49, p<0.0001), AA (OR 3.34, 95%CI: 2.99-3.74, p<0.0001), Asian (OR 1.52, 95%CI: 1.35-1.73, p<0.0001) and Hispanic racial group (OR 1.41, 95%CI: 1.30-1.52, p<0.0001). SF def was more common in the AI/AN (OR: 2.94, 95%CI: 1.60-5.39, p<0.001) and AA (OR 1.71, 95%CI: 1.08-1.53, p=0.02). B12 def was more common in the Asian racial group (OR: 2.535, 95%CI: 20.03-3.16, p<0.0001). Iron def was more common in the AI/AN (OR: 1.62, 95%CI: 1.21-2.17, p<0.001), Asian (OR 1.31, 95%CI: 1.0-1.57, p=0.003), and AA racial group (OR 1.26, 95%CI: 1.05-1.52, p=0.001). Conclusions: In our cohort, we show that despite the low prevalence of nutritional anemias in the US, racial disparities exist. Major differences were observed in the prevalence of anemia, SF def and iron def especially among AI/AN and AA. These differences may be linked to medical causes, nutritional practices and other social determinants of health. More research regarding the causes of these disparities and its clinical implications on a population level are needed. Targeted strategies to improve folate, B12 and iron intake in at higher risk populations could decrease adverse outcomes and decrease healthcare disparities caused by nutritional anemias. T able 1. Sample-level comparison by race Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Does socioeconomic status mediate racial differences in the cortisol response in middle childhood?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Tackett ◽  
Kathrin Herzhoff ◽  
Avante J. Smack ◽  
Kathleen Wade Reardon ◽  
Emma K. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Trier Social Stress Test ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity

Objective: Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status are both associated with stress physiology as indexed by cortisol. The present study tested the extent to which racial/ethnic disparities in cortisol reactivity are explained by socioeconomic status. Methods: The sample consisted of 296 racially and socioeconomically diverse children ages 8-11 (47% boys). Mothers reported on children’s stressors and socioeconomic status; salivary cortisol levels were assessed before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Results: Results demonstrated that racial group differences in cortisol reactivity were partially accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status, but racial group differences in cortisol recovery were not. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cumulative effects of stress and disadvantage may result in differences in stress response physiology as early as middle childhood, and that race-specific mechanisms account for additional variance in cortisol reactivity and recovery.

scholarly journals Understanding racial differences of COPD patients with an ecological model: two large cohort studies in the US and Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204062232098245
Author(s):  
Hye Yun Park ◽  
Hyun Lee ◽  
Danbee Kang ◽  
Hye Sook Choi ◽  
Yeong Ha Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Us

Background: There are limited data about the racial difference in the characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients who are treated at clinics. We aimed to compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between US and Korean COPD patients using large-scale nationwide COPD cohorts. Methods: We used the baseline demographic and clinical data of COPD patients aged 45 years or older with at least a 10 pack-per year smoking history from the Korean COPD Subtype Study (KOCOSS, n = 1686) cohort (2012–2018) and phase I (2008–2011) of the US Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study ( n = 4477, 3461 were non-Hispanic whites [NHW], and 1016 were African Americans [AA]). Results: Compared to NHW, AA had a significantly lower adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of cough >3 months (aPR: 0.67; 95% CI [confidence interval]: 0.60–0.75) and phlegm >3 months (aPR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70–0.86), but higher aPR of dyspnea (modified Medical Round Council scale ⩾2) (aPR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.15–1.29), short six-minute walk distance (<350 m) (aPR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.81–2.14), and poor quality of life (aPR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.05–1.15). Compared to NHW, Koreans had a significantly lower aPR of cough >3 months (aPR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.47–0.59), phlegm >3 months (aPR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.67–0.82), dyspnea (aPR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.66–0.79), and moderate-to-severe acute exacerbation in the previous year (aPR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.65–0.82). NHW had the highest burden related to chronic bronchitis symptoms and cardiovascular diseases related to comorbidities. Conclusion: There are substantial differences in sociodemographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and comorbidities between COPD patients from the KOCOSS and COPDGene, which might be caused by interactions between various intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors of the ecological model. Thus, a broader and more comprehensive approach would be necessary to understand the racial differences of COPD patients.

Construing the Essence: The Effects of Construal Level on Genetic Attributions for Individual and Social Group Differences

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1395-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime L. Napier ◽  
Jamie B. Luguri ◽  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
Kathleen A. Oltman
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Contextual Influence ◽  
Mind Set

The present research links a nonsocial, contextual influence (construal level) to the tendency to endorse genetic attributions for individual and social group differences. Studies 1 to 3 show that people thinking in an abstract (vs. concrete) mind-set score higher on a measure of genetic attributions for individual and racial group differences. Study 4 showed that abstract (vs. concrete) construal also increased genetic attributions for novel groups. Study 5 explored the potential downstream consequences of construal on intergroup attitudes, and found that abstract (vs. concrete) construal led people to endorse genetic attributions in general and this was associated with increased anti-Black prejudice.

Racial disparities in comprehensive biomarker testing and clinical trial enrollment among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (28_suppl) ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Hess ◽  
Debora S. Bruno ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
Eric Wen Su ◽  
Monaliben Patel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Trial Participation ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Us ◽  
Biomarker Testing ◽  
Clinical Trial Enrollment

125 Background: Racial disparities may exist at many levels in the health care system; in oncology, yet little is known about racial disparities in biomarker testing and clinical trial enrollment among patients with mCRC. This study was designed to explore racial differences in comprehensive biomarker testing and clinical trial enrollment in the US using a large real-world database. Methods: This retrospective observational study utilized the Flatiron Health electronic health records database, which includes longitudinal data from patients diagnosed with mCRC. Patients with mCRC were eligible for this study if they had evidence of systemic therapy from 1/1/2017 through 10/30/2020 and were alive for at least 120 days after metastatic diagnosis. Unadjusted analyses summarized differences in biomarker testing and clinical trial enrollment between White and Black race, adjusted regression analyses were conducted using all baseline variables as covariates. These data are de-identified and are not considered human subjects research in accordance with the US Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR Part 46). Results: A total of 7,879 patients were eligible: 4,803 (61.0%) were White and 838 (10.6%) were Black. Comprehensive testing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) was received by 51.6% and 41.8% of patients who were White and Black, respectively (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in clinical trial participation across all lines of therapy (2.9%, White and 2.9% Black). There was a statistically significant relationship between NGS-based testing and clinical trial enrollment (p < 0.0001), however, race was not identified a moderating factor in this relationship in adjusted regression analyses. The receipt of molecularly-targeted therapy was comparable between both races (11.9% and 9.7% for White and Black, respectively; p = 0.06). Patients received FOLFOX+bevacizumab most commonly in the first line (34.3% White; 40.5% Black), all other regimens were within 2 percentage points between racial groups. Targeted agents were each used by less than 7.4% of the study population. Conclusions: The use of NGS-based testing is significantly different by race in this database. The significant relationship between NGS testing and clinical trial enrollment at any time in the database did not appear to be moderated by race; however, descriptive analyses suggest that the ongoing analyses by line of therapy and considering timing of testing may better quantify these relationships. These data may not be generalizable to the entire US population as they are obtained from a single database that is limited to practices using this EHR system.

Abstract P447: Index of Concentration at the Extremes and Diabetes Prevalence: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (regards) Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gargya Malla ◽  
D. Leann Long ◽  
Nyesha C Black ◽  
Sha Zhu ◽  
Jalal Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Diabetes Prevalence ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Us ◽  
Regards Study ◽  
Increase Diabetes Risk

Background: Stark regional and racial disparities in diabetes prevalence exist in the US. Community-level factors (e.g., median income) have been associated with higher diabetes prevalence. However, few studies have investigated how community-level spatial polarization, specifically in race and income, may relate to diabetes burden. Objective: To investigate the association between the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), a measure that reflects polarization in race and income at the community-level, and individual-level diabetes prevalence. Methods: This analysis included 24,752 Black and White adults age ≥ 45 years at baseline (2003-2007) from the REGARDS Study. The ICE measure quantifies the concentration of community affluence and poverty in a census tract using both income and race jointly, with values ranging from -1 (most deprived) to +1 (most privileged). Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or random glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL or use of diabetes medication. Modified Poisson regression was used to obtain prevalence ratios and 95% CI for the association of ICE quartiles with prevalent diabetes. Results: The overall prevalence of diabetes was 21% and was highest for adults living in the most deprived census tracts (28.3%) and lowest for those living in the most privileged census tracts (12.5%). The association between ICE and prevalent diabetes was graded in crude analyses but attenuated after adjustment for individual-level sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical factors (Table). Conclusion: Communities with greater polarization in race and income had a higher burden of diabetes. This association was mostly explained by individual-level socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Further investigation of community-level attributes and how they relate to individual-level factors that increase diabetes risk is needed.

Black, Female, and Foreign

2015 ◽  
pp. 74-100
Author(s):  
Christina Ramirez Smith
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Black Female ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Caribbean Woman

Society has failed to acknowledge intra-group differences, and as a result, disregarded the ethnic distinctiveness, cultural practices, and norms of Afro-Caribbean emigrant (Rogers, 2001; Vickerman, 2001). In this chapter, the “triple-invisibility” of the Afro-Caribbean woman in the academy is explored within the context of race, gender, emigrant status and the goals concerning broader diversities related to higher education in the US.

The History and Current Status of Testing Across Cultures and Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Eckhard Klieme
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Bias ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Narrative Account

Chapter 2 gives a narrative account of the use of tests across countries and cultures over the course of nearly a century. Initially, differences in test score distributions were usually interpreted at face value, independent of the cultural and educational background of test takers. Findings of group differences in the domain of intelligence were seen as a confirmation of widely held beliefs, also among psychologists, about racial differences. Soon implicit assumptions to the effect that tests can be culture-free or culture-fair were challenged. The cross-cultural equivalence of tests became an issue for conceptual and, especially, for psychometric analysis. This line of work has resulted in a large array of methods and statistical procedures for identifying cultural bias in items and tests. The concluding section of the chapter envisages further improvements in the quality of instruments for cross-cultural usage, notably through the use of international teams of authors in test development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document