The Global Financial Crisis, Central Banking and the Reform of the International Monetary and Financial System

2009 ◽  
pp. 104-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sakbani
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

A SAFE MONETARY CENTRAL BANKING POLICY AS A SIGNIFICANT INSTRUMENT FOR LIQUIDITY MAINTENANCE IN THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial System ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Financial Crisis Of 2008 ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Currently, it is assumed that the global financial crisis of 2008 was effectively mastered and averted several years ago, but its sources have not been fully eliminated. The anti-crisis model of state intervention that was applied during the global financial crisis of 2008 was a modified Keynsian formula known from the 1930s, adapted to the realities of contemporary national economies. The main instrument of anti-crisis policy was the significant development of a mild monetary policy and interventionist measures aimed at reducing the risk of bankruptcy of enterprises and banking entities and stopping the decline in lending in banking systems. In developed countries, anti-crisis interventionist assistance programs for the financial system and pro-active interventionist measures were activated in order to stimulate significantly weakened economic growth. As part of pro-development state intervention activities, the Federal Reserve Bank applied a low monetary policy of low interest rates and a program for activating lending and maintaining liquidity in the financial system by financing the purchase from commercial banks of the most endangered assets. A few years later, the European Central Bank applied the same activities of activation monetary policy.

scholarly journals Islamic Banking: The Firewall Against The Global Financial Crisis

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohana Othman ◽  
Nooraslinda Abdul Aris ◽  
Rafidah Mohd Azli ◽  
Roshayani Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fundamental Values

The global financial crisis that devastated many of the worlds financial systems in a manner never seen before exposed the glaring weakness in risk management and interest-driven policies. The crisis brought the collapse of several iconic financial institutions once perceived to be too strong to capitulate. The crisis engulfed one economy after another from corporations to eventually bring about the collapse of governments of countries reeling from the impact of the crisis. Asset values plummeted and the crisis clearly demonstrated the fragility of the western capitalist system and the free market economy. The Islamic economic and financial system is anchored on universal honorable values, ideals and morals - honesty, credibility, transparency, co-operation and solidarity. These fundamental values uphold stability, security and safety in any financial transactions. Of paramount consideration is that the Shariah prohibits any economic and financial transactions that involve usury, lying, gambling, cheating, unsubstantiated risk or uncertainty (gharar), monopoly, exploitation, greed, unfairness and taking other peoples money unjustly. Another key aspect to the philosophy behind the Islamic financial system is money issued must be fully asset backed. It is impermissible to allow money to be traded for money except at par. Islam is not just the prohibition of riba and zakah (alms); it is a comprehensive system to fulfill societys basic necessities (food, clothing and shelter). History has demonstrated that Islam has the capacity to deliver and has succeeded in providing a viable economic system.

scholarly journals Deposit flows and structure in Serbia

Bankarstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-87
Author(s):  
Milena Lazić ◽  
Ksenija Zorčić
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Deposit Guarantee Schemes

Having drawn attention to the existing banking regulation issues, the Global Financial Crisis also raised awareness of the importance of depositors' confidence for the stability of the financial system, and brought the role and significance of the deposit guarantee schemes to the fore. Serbian economy started experiencing its effects in Q4 2008, in parallel with the global spreading of the crisis. This paper focuses on the fluctuations in deposit levels and structure in the Serbian banking system, between 2008 and 2019. It also aims to underscore the importance and development perspectives of the Serbian deposit guarantee scheme.

scholarly journals Would Macroprudential Regulation Have Prevented the Last Crisis?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Aikman ◽  
Jonathan Bridges ◽  
Anil Kashyap ◽  
Caspar Siegert
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

How well equipped are today’s macroprudential regimes to deal with a rerun of the factors that led to the global financial crisis? To address the factors that made the last crisis so severe, a macroprudential regulator would need to implement policies to tackle vulnerabilities from financial system leverage, fragile funding structures, and the build-up in household indebtedness. We specify and calibrate a package of policy interventions to address these vulnerabilities—policies that include implementing the countercyclical capital buffer, requiring that banks extend the maturity of their funding, and restricting mortgage lending at high loan-to-income multiples. We then assess how well placed are two prominent macroprudential regulators, set up since the crisis, to implement such a package. The US Financial Stability Oversight Council has not been designed to implement such measures and would therefore make little difference were we to experience a rerun of the factors that preceded the last crisis. A macroprudential regulator modeled on the UK’s Financial Policy Committee stands a better chance because it has many of the necessary powers. But it too would face challenges associated with spotting build-ups in risk with sufficient prescience, acting sufficiently aggressively, and maintaining political backing for its actions.

A Decade after Lehman: An Assessment of Key Regulatory Responses to the Global Financial Crisis

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-483
Author(s):  
Andreas Kerkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Basel Accords ◽  
Lehman Brothers ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Almost All

In September, 2008, the meltdown of the investment bank Lehman Brothers accelerated the Global Financial Crisis, which affected economies and consumers worldwide. As soon as the Global Financial Crisis broke out, governments and legislators recognized the need for macroprudential reform in order to build a resilient financial system. Today, legislators in every major jurisdiction have finalized almost all major reforms that were envisaged once it had become clear that the crisis was also due to regulatory shortcomings. The reforms especially targeted (over-the-counter) derivatives and the equity base of banks. Following an analysis of the reasons for the Global Financial Crisis and the regulatory failures that contributed to its severity this article will discuss two major legislative responses that intend to make the financial system robust – the establishment of a central dearing obligation for over-the-counter derivatives and the revised Basel Accords on capital requirements for banks.

scholarly journals Global Financial Crisis of Islamic and Conventional Banking in Middle East – A Case Study in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Ayman Abdal-Majeed Ahmad Al-Smadi ◽  
Mahmoud Khalid Almsafir ◽  
Muzamri Bin Mukthar
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

The financial tools all over the world become extremely decisive in these days. The main goal of this paper is to measure then to discuss the impact of performance of conventional and Islamic banking in Turkey during the financial crisis. some variables such as profitability, liquidity, operational efficiency and business growth are used as a measuring factor to determine the performance for both financial models. The period of study is taken during the financial crisis in 1997 and during the global financial crisis in 2007. The comparison in this study is made between the performances of Islamic banking  and conventional banking in Turkey.Some secondary data had examines in this study which was drown from the annual report from one of Turkey bank since 2002 until 2013. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) “18.0” has been used to compare between Islamic finance model and other model. The findings of this paper shows that Islamic financial system is performing superior than conventional financial system for the period of this study. Hence, it can be concluded that the system of Islamic banking is able to sustain and compete with the conventional banking system especially during any financial crisis.

The Global Financial Crisis: what have we learned so far?

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karyn L. Neuhauser
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Number Of Citations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a cohesive review of the major findings in the literature concerning the Global Financial Crisis. Design/methodology/approach – Papers published in top-rated finance and economics journal since the crisis up to the present were reviewed. A large number of these were selected for inclusion, primarily based on the number of citations they had received adjusted for the amount of time elapsed since their publication, but also partly based on how well they fit in with the narrative. Findings – Much has been done to investigate the causes of the Global Financial Crisis, its effects on various aspects of the financial system, and the effectiveness of regulatory measures undertaken to restore the financial system. While more remains to be done, the existing body of research paints an interesting picture of what happened and why it happened, describes the interrelationships between the mortgage markets and financial markets created by the large scale securitization of financial assets, identifies the problems created by these inter-linkages and offers possible solutions, and assesses the effectiveness of the regulatory response to the crisis. Originality/value – This study summarizes a vast amount of literature using a framework that allows the reader to quickly absorb a large amount of information as well as identify specific works that they may wish to examine more closely. By providing a picture of what has been done, it may also assist the reader in identifying areas that should be the subject of future research.

Empirical evidence of risk shifting in bonds and debt-based sukuk

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Raihana Hamzah ◽  
Obiyathulla Ismath Bacha ◽  
Abbas Mirakhor ◽  
Nurhafiza Abdul Kader Malim
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Risk Shifting ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operating Risk ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent of risk shifting behavior in bonds and sukuk. The examination is significant, as economists and scholars identify risk shifting as the primary cause of the global financial crisis. Yet, the dangers of this debt-financing feature are largely ignored – one needs to only witness the record growth of global debt even after the global financial crisis. Design/methodology/approach To identify the signs of risk shifting existence in the corporations, this paper compares each corporation’s operating risk before and after issuing debt. Operating risk or risk of a firm’s activities is measured using the volatility of the operating earnings or coefficient variation of earning before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA). Using EBITDA as the variable offers one distinct advantage to using asset volatility as previous research has – EBITDA can be extracted directly from firms’ accounting data and is not model-specific. Findings Risk shifting can be found in not only the bond system but also the debt-based sukuk system – a noteworthy finding because sukuk, supposedly in a different class from bonds, have been criticized in some quarters for their apparent similarity to bonds. On the other hand, this study thus shows that equity feature, when it is embedded in bonds (as in convertible bonds) or when a financial instrument is based purely on equity (as in equity-based sukuk), the incentive to shift the risk can be mitigated. Research limitations/implications Global awareness of the dangers of debt should be increased as a means of reducing the amount of debt outstanding globally. Although some regulators suggest that sukuk replace debt, they must also be aware that imitative sukuk pose the same threat to efforts to avoid debt. In short, efforts to ensure future financial stability cannot address only debts or bonds but must also address those types of sukuk that mirror bonds in their operation. In the wake of the global financial crisis, amid the frantic search for ways of protecting against future financial shocks, this analysis aims to help create future stability by encouraging market players to avoid debt-based activities. Originality/value This paper differs from the previous literature in two important ways, viewing risk shifting behavior not only in relation to debt or bonds but also when set against debt-based sukuk, which has been subjected to similar criticism. Indeed, to the extent that debts and bonds encourage risk shifting behavior and threaten the entire financial system, so, too, can imitation sukuk or debt-based sukuk. Second, this paper is unique in exploring the ability of equity features to curb equity holders’ incentive to engage in risk shifting behavior. Such an examination is necessary for the wake of the global financial crisis, for researchers and economists now agree that risk shifting must be a controlled behavior – and that one way of controlling risk shifting is by implementing the risk sharing feature of equity-based financing into the financial system.

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