Effects of Continuous Low-carbohydrate Diet after Long-term Exercise on GLUT-4 Protein Content in Rat Skeletal Muscle

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kubota ◽  
K. Koshinaka ◽  
Y. Kawata ◽  
T. Koike ◽  
Y. Oshida
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Abstract P072: Low-Carbohydrate-Diets and Cardiovascular and Total Mortality in Japanese. A 29-year Follow-up of NIPPON DATA80

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Nakamura ◽  
Nagako Okuda ◽  
Tomonori Okamura ◽  
Aya Kadota ◽  
Naoko Miyagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cox Model ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Study Participants

Background: Long-term safety of low-carbohydrate-diets in Asian populations, whose carbohydrate intake is relatively high, is not known. Methods: We examined the association of low-carbohydrate-diets with CVD and total mortality using the National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Noncommunicable Disease and Its Trends in the Aged, (NIPPON DATA80) database with a 29-year follow-up. At the baseline in 1980, data were collected on study participants ages≥30 years from randomly selected areas in Japan. We calculated low-carbohydrate-diet scores based on the percentage of energy as carbohydrate, fat, and protein, estimated by 3-day weighed food records. We followed 9,200 participants (56% women, mean age 51 y). Results: During the follow-up, there were 1,171 CVD deaths (52% in women), and 3,443 total deaths (48% in women). The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CVD mortality using the Cox model comparing highest versus lowest deciles for a low-carbohydrate-diet score was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.92, trend P=0.019) for women; 0.74 (95% CI: 0.55-0.99, trend P=0.033) for women and men combined; HR for total mortality was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57-0.93, trend P=0.020) for women; 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.99, trend P=0.030) for women and men combined. None of the associations in men alone were statistically significant. We did not note any differential effects between animal and plant based low-carbohydrate-diets. Conclusions: Moderate diets lower in carbohydrate and higher in protein and fat were significantly inversely associated with CVD and total mortality in women, and women and men combined.

scholarly journals Long-Term Ketogenic Diet Induces Metabolic Acidosis, Anemia, and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryadi Arsyad ◽  
Irfan Idris ◽  
Andi A. Rasyid ◽  
Rezky A. Usman ◽  
Kiki R. Faradillah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Background. Ketogenic diet has been used as supportive therapy in a range of conditions including epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Objective. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term consumption of ketogenic diet on blood gas, hematological profiles, organ functions, and superoxide dismutase level in a rat model. Materials and Methods. Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into control (n = 8) and ketogenic (n = 7) groups. Controls received standard diet contained 52.20% of carbohydrates, 7.00% fat, and 15.25% protein; meanwhile, the ketogenic group received a high-fat-low-carbohydrate diet which contained 5.66% of carbohydrate, 86.19% fat, and 8.15% protein. All rats were caged individually and received 30g of either standard or high-fat-low-carbohydrate pellets. The experiment was carried out for 60 days before the blood samples were taken and analyzed to obtain blood gas, cell counts, organ biomarkers, and plasma antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Results. The rats subjected to ketogenic diet experienced a marked decrease in body weight, blood sugar, and increased blood ketones (p<0.05). The average blood pH was 7.36 ± 0.02 and base excess was −5.57 ± 2.39 mOsm/L, which were significantly lower than controls (p<0.05). Hematological analysis showed significantly lower erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. No significant changes were found in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine levels, indicating normal liver and kidney functions. Nevertheless, plasma SOD level significantly reduced with ketogenic diet. Conclusion. Long-term ketogenic diet induces metabolic acidosis, anemia, and reduced antioxidant enzyme level in rats following 60 days of consuming high-fat-low-carbohydrate diet.

Changes in insulin-stimulated glucose transport and GLUT-4 protein in rat skeletal muscle after training

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 2043-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Kawanaka ◽  
Izumi Tabata ◽  
Shigeru Katsuta ◽  
Mitsuru Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Insulin Responsiveness

Kawanaka, Kentaro, Izumi Tabata, Shigeru Katsuta, and Mitsuru Higuchi. Changes in insulin-stimulated glucose transport and GLUT-4 protein in rat skeletal muscle after training. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 2043–2047, 1997.—After running training, which increased GLUT-4 protein content in rat skeletal muscle by <40% compared with control rats, the training effect on insulin-stimulated maximal glucose transport (insulin responsiveness) in skeletal muscle was short lived (24 h). A recent study reported that GLUT-4 protein content in rat epitrochlearis muscle increased dramatically (∼2-fold) after swimming training (J.-M. Ren, C. F. Semenkovich, E. A. Gulve, J. Gao, and J. O. Holloszy. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 14396–14401, 1994). Because GLUT-4 protein content is known to be closely related to skeletal muscle insulin responsiveness, we thought it possible that the training effect on insulin responsiveness may remain for >24 h after swimming training if GLUT-4 protein content decreases gradually from the relatively high level and still remains higher than control level for >24 h after swimming training. Therefore, we examined this possibility. Male Sprague-Dawley rats swam 2 h a day for 5 days with a weight equal to 2% of body mass. Approximately 18, 42, and 90 h after cessation of training, GLUT-4 protein concentration and 2-[1,2-3H]deoxy-d-glucose transport in the presence of a maximally stimulating concentration of insulin (2 mU/ml) were examined by using incubated epitrochlearis muscle preparation. Swimming training increased GLUT-4 protein concentration and insulin responsiveness by 87 and 85%, respectively, relative to age-matched controls when examined 18 h after training. Forty-two hours after training, GLUT-4 protein concentration and insulin responsiveness were still higher by 52 and 51%, respectively, in muscle from trained rats compared with control. GLUT-4 protein concentration and insulin responsiveness in trained muscle returned to sedentary control level within 90 h after training. We conclude that 1) the change in insulin responsiveness during detraining is directly related to muscle GLUT-4 protein content, and 2) consequently, the greater the increase in GLUT-4 protein content that is induced by training, the longer an effect on insulin responsiveness persists after the training.

scholarly journals Effects of a Ketogenic Diet Containing Medium-Chain Triglycerides and Endurance Training on Metabolic Enzyme Adaptations in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayumi Fukazawa ◽  
Atsuko Koike ◽  
Takuya Karasawa ◽  
Momoko Tsutsui ◽  
Saki Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Coa Transferase

Long-term intake of a ketogenic diet enhances utilization of ketone bodies, a particularly energy-efficient substrate, during exercise. However, physiological adaptation to an extremely low-carbohydrate diet has been shown to upregulate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4, a negative regulator of glycolytic flux) content in skeletal muscle, resulting in impaired high-intensity exercise capacity. This study aimed to examine the effects of a long-term ketogenic diet containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) on endurance training-induced adaptations in ketolytic and glycolytic enzymes of rat skeletal muscle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on either a standard diet (CON), a long-chain triglyceride-containing ketogenic diet (LKD), or an MCT-containing ketogenic diet (MKD). Half the rats in each group performed a 2-h swimming exercise, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Endurance training significantly increased 3-oxoacid CoA transferase (OXCT, a ketolytic enzyme) protein content in epitrochlearis muscle tissue, and MKD intake additively enhanced endurance training–induced increases in OXCT protein content. LKD consumption substantially increased muscle PDK4 protein level. However, such PDK4 increases were not observed in the MKD-fed rats. In conclusion, long-term intake of ketogenic diets containing MCTs may additively enhance endurance training–induced increases in ketolytic capacity in skeletal muscle without exerting inhibitory effects on carbohydrate metabolism.

Abstract P167: The Long-term Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite Hormones: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Hu ◽  
Kristi Reynolds ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Calynn Bunol ◽  
Yanxi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
Study Participants

The long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets on hormones related to appetite are unclear. We recruited a total of 148 study participants with a body mass index of 30 - 45 kg/m2 (Mean: 35.4 kg/m2) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and kidney disease. The participants were randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet (<40 g/day; N=75) or a low fat (<30% energy from fat, <10% from saturated fat; N=73) diet. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted at each clinic visit (0, 3, 6 and 12 months of the intervention). Participants met with a study dietitian weekly for the first month followed by group settings bi-weekly for 5 months then monthly for the subsequent 6 months. Each group was provided the same behavioral curriculum related to diet emphasizing portion control and eating habits. Total ghrelin and peptide YY were determined using radioimmunoassay methods. Of the study participants, 60 in the low-fat group (81.1%) and 59 in the low-carbohydrate group (79.7%) completed the entire intervention. The mean age was 46.8 years, 88.5% were women and 55.1% were African-Americans. The low-carbohydrate group lost approximately 3.5 kg more body weight than did the low-fat group (P value: 0.002) over the course of the intervention. Both diets decreased total peptide YY and ghrelin. Compared to low-fat diets, the low-carbohydrate diet resulted in a significantly greater decrease in total peptide YY at 6 (Net change: -6.8 ph/mL; P value: 0.04) and 12 months (Net change: -10.6 ph/mL; P value: 0.02). The changes in total ghrelin were not significantly different throughout the study. Our findings suggest that the low-carbohydrate diet did not result in a greater loss of appetite, compared to the low-fat diet.

Abstract P165: The Long-term Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Endothelial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Hu ◽  
Kristi Reynolds ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Calynn Bunol ◽  
Yanxi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Study Participants

The long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance are unclear. A total of 148 study participants with a body mass index of 30 - 45 kg/m2 (Mean: 35.4 kg/m2) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and kidney disease were recruited. The participants were randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet (<40 g/day; N=75) or a low fat (<30% energy from fat, <10% from saturated fat; N=73) diet. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted at each clinic visit (0, 3, 6 and 12 months of intervention). Participants met with a study dietitian weekly for the first month followed by group settings bi-weekly for 5 months and monthly for the last 6 months. Each group was provided the same behavioral curriculum related to diet emphasizing portion control and eating habits. Biomarkers for endothelial function and insulin resistance included E-selectin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Insulin-like growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), serum insulin, and glucose. Mixed-effect regression models including group, time and their interaction were used to analyze the data. Of the study participants, 60 in the low-fat group (81.1%) and 59 in the low-carbohydrate group (79.7%) completed the entire intervention. The mean age was 46.8 years, 88.5% were women and 55.1% were African-Americans. The low-carbohydrate group lost approximately 3.5 kg more body weight than did the low-fat group (P= 0.002) on average. Compared to the low-fat diet, the low-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater reductions in E-selectin (net change: -4.5, -4.3, and -3.8 ng/mL at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively; overall P= 0.002) and ICAM-1 (net change: -7.3, -10.4, and -16.8 ng/mL at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively; overall P= 0.06). There was no significant change in any other markers. Our findings suggest that the low-carbohydrate is at least as effective as the low-fat diet at improving endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.

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