Antibiotic Resistance: A Historical Perspective

Burke A. Cunha

doi:10.1055/s-2000-9925

Diagnostic Microbiology: Present Status and Future Prospect

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3329/bjid.v2i2.32301 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 42-47

Author(s):

Shahanara Begum ◽

Md. Abdullah Yusuf ◽

Bhuiyan Mohammad Mahtab Uddin

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Historical Perspective ◽

Future Prospect ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Require Time ◽

Prior Use ◽

Diagnostic Microbiology

Diagnostic Microbiology is the tool that makes it possible to identify the exact pathogens of infectious diseases and the most optimal therapy at the level of individual patients. Conventional methods require time to grow the microbes in vitro under specific conditions and not all microbes can easily be cultured. This is followed by biochemical methods for identification which further makes the process lengthy. Transport of the specimens under less than ideal conditions, prior use of antibiotics and small number of organisms are among the factors that render culture-based methods less reliable. Newer methods depend on amplification of nucleic acids followed by use of probes for identification. This mitigates the need for higher microbial load, presence of metabolically active viable organisms and shortens the time. These methods can be used to detect antibiotic resistance genes directly from the specimen and help direct targeted therapy with efficacy. Since these methods will not fulfill all the diagnostic needs, a second approach is being used to shorten the time to identification after the organism has already grown. Mass spectrometry and bioinformatics are the tools making this possible. This review gives a historical perspective on diagnostic microbiology, discusses the pitfalls of current methodology and provides an overview of newer and future methods.Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Disease 2015;2(2):42-47

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Current and Emerging Methods of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics9020049 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Zeeshan A. Khan ◽

Mohd F. Siddiqui ◽

Seungkyung Park

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Historical Perspective ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

Pivotal Role ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) specifies effective antibiotic dosage and formulates a profile of empirical therapy for the proper management of an individual patient’s health against deadly infections. Therefore, rapid diagnostic plays a pivotal role in the treatment of bacterial infection. In this article, the authors review the socio-economic burden and emergence of antibiotic resistance. An overview of the phenotypic, genotypic, and emerging techniques for AST has been provided and discussed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each. The historical perspective on conventional methods that have paved the way for modern AST like disk diffusion, Epsilometer test (Etest), and microdilution, is presented. Several emerging methods, such as microfluidic-based optical and electrochemical AST have been critically evaluated. Finally, the challenges related with AST and its outlook in the future are presented.

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