scholarly journals Metamaterials: The early years in the USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Ziolkowski
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Artificial Materials ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Permittivity And Permeability ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Exotic Physics

Metamaterials are artificial materials formed by embedding highly subwavelength inclusions in a host medium, which yield homogenized permittivity and permeability values. By design they offer the promise of exotic physics responses not generally available with naturally occurring materials, as well as the ability to tailor their properties to specific applications. The initial years of discovery emphasized confirming many of their exotic properties and exploring their actual potential for science and engineering applications. These seed efforts have born the sweet fruit enjoyed by the current generation of metamaterials scientists and engineers. This review will emphasize the initial investigative forays in the USA that supported and encouraged the development of the metamaterials era and the subsequent recognition that they do have significant advantages for practical applications.

Crystallization and Morphology of Rubber

1995 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Magill
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Good Science ◽  
Thermodynamics And Kinetics ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Resource Material

Abstract Naturally occurring materials like rubber predate the development of science and engineering as we know it today. Historically, rubber and more generally elastomers, known as a class of high polymers, are versatile and useful materials. Rubber is still an elastomer of choice for many engineering applications. After decades of R&D, scientists and engineers realized that technology needs good science. This position is nicely summarized in Figure 1. This scenario brings together four main items that are essential to create and to maintain quality industry(ies). In the case of rubber, particularly natural rubber, it is not only essential to understand these individual properties, but also to comprehend the important interrelationships that contribute to material behavior. In this respect, rubber has been an enabling resource material that has served as a paradigm amongst synthetic polymers in their developmental stages. In this article crystallization of natural rubber especially, is addressed in order to provide some perspective on items that relate to the relevant areas of the pyramid. This overview is far from exhaustive on the crystallization aspects of rubber, but hopefully it strikes a balance between thermodynamics and kinetics, since each discipline has contributed significantly to improve our understanding of polyisoprenes, and in a wider sense to crystallization and morphology that helps determine properties relevant to rubber and to polymers in general.

Bioinspired Functional Surfaces for Technological Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 1640006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipul Sharma ◽  
Suneel Kumar ◽  
Kumbam Lingeshwar Reddy ◽  
Ashish Bahuguna ◽  
Venkata Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Artificial Materials ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Functional Surfaces ◽  
Biological Surfaces ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Materials Research

Biological matters have been in continuous encounter with extreme environmental conditions leading to their evolution over millions of years. The fittest have survived through continuous evolution, an ongoing process. Biological surfaces are the important active interfaces between biological matters and the environment, and have been evolving over time to a higher state of intelligent functionality. Bioinspired surfaces with special functionalities have grabbed attention in materials research in the recent times. The microstructures and mechanisms behind these functional biological surfaces with interesting properties have inspired scientists to create artificial materials and surfaces which possess the properties equivalent to their counterparts. In this review, we have described the interplay between unique multiscale (micro- and nano-scale) structures of biological surfaces with intrinsic material properties which have inspired researchers to achieve the desired wettability and functionalities. Inspired by naturally occurring surfaces, researchers have designed and fabricated novel interfacial materials with versatile functionalities and wettability, such as superantiwetting surfaces (superhydrophobic and superoleophobic), omniphobic, switching wettability and water collecting surfaces. These strategies collectively enable functional surfaces to be utilized in different applications such as fog harvesting, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), catalysis, sensing and biological applications. This paper delivers a critical review of such inspiring biological surfaces and artificial bioinspired surfaces utilized in different applications, where material science and engineering have merged by taking inspiration from the natural systems.

Future Directions in International Science Education

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Engineering Education ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
International Dimension ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Science And Engineering Education

The international dimension of science and engineering education is of paramount importance and merits serious consideration of the coherent skill set that is required to allow scientists and engineers more readily to transport themselves and their work to other locations in the world. 

scholarly journals TiO2 Nanotubes Architectures for Solar Energy Conversion

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Yin Xu ◽  
Giovanni Zangari
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Tio2 Nanotubes ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Photovoltaic Effect ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Electrochemical Anodization ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Electric Energy Storage ◽  
The Usa

Electromagnetic light from the Sun is the largest source, and the cleanest energy available to us; extensive efforts have been dedicated to developing science and engineering solutions in order to avoid the use of fossil fuels. Solar energy transforms photons into electricity via the photovoltaic effect, generating about 20 GW of energy in the USA in 2020, sufficient to power about 17 million households. However, sunlight is erratic, and technologies to store electric energy storage are unwieldy and relatively expensive. A better solution to store energy and to deliver this energy on demand is storage in chemical bonds: synthesizing fuels such as H2, methane, ethanol, and other chemical species. In this review paper we focus on titania (TiO2) nanotubes grown through electrochemical anodization and various modifications made to them to enhance conversion efficiency; these semiconductors will be used to implement the synthesis of H2 through water splitting. This document reviews selected research efforts on TiO2 that are ongoing in our group in the context of the current efforts worldwide. In addition, this manuscript is enriched by discussing the latest novelties in this field.

scholarly journals Post-Graduation Plans of International Science and Engineering Doctoral Students Attending U.S. Universities

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy N. Ugwu ◽  
Maria Adamuti-Trache
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
English Language ◽  
Academic Support ◽  
School Experiences ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Language Difficulties ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Institutional Initiatives

This study examines the post-graduation plans of international science and engineering doctoral students at a public research-intensive university, and the extent to which graduate school experiences influence post-graduation plans. The study is grounded in Tinto’s Integration Model as well as Berry’s Acculturation Model. Study findings highlight the variety of challenges international doctoral students go through such as adapting to a new culture, experiencing English language difficulties, and cultural, social, and academic adjustment barriers. Using survey data collected in 2013-2014, this study reveals the complexity of factors that affect post-graduation plans and need for institutional initiatives to provide socio-cultural and academic support, and recommends changes in immigration policies to sustain the retention of talented international scientists and engineers upon degree completion.

scholarly journals Engineering polymerases for applications in synthetic biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Nikoomanzar ◽  
Nicholas Chim ◽  
Eric J. Yik ◽  
John C. Chaput
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Dna Polymerases ◽  
Enzyme Engineering ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Abstract DNA polymerases play a central role in biology by transferring genetic information from one generation to the next during cell division. Harnessing the power of these enzymes in the laboratory has fueled an increase in biomedical applications that involve the synthesis, amplification, and sequencing of DNA. However, the high substrate specificity exhibited by most naturally occurring DNA polymerases often precludes their use in practical applications that require modified substrates. Moving beyond natural genetic polymers requires sophisticated enzyme-engineering technologies that can be used to direct the evolution of engineered polymerases that function with tailor-made activities. Such efforts are expected to uniquely drive emerging applications in synthetic biology by enabling the synthesis, replication, and evolution of synthetic genetic polymers with new physicochemical properties.

Remote Teaching Laboratories in Science and Engineering

2011 ◽  
pp. 1749-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Kennepohl
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Science Courses ◽  
Laboratory Courses ◽  
Remote Laboratories ◽  
Excellent Method ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Distance Educators ◽  
Viable Method

For scientists and engineers, the idea of remote controlled experiments is not a new. Remote control is often used when an experiment or instrument is physically inaccessible by virtue of location or danger. It is also an excellent method for sharing expensive equipment and facilities with other researchers. However, employment of remote laboratory access to deliver the practicum components of distance science courses is much more recent and certainly not as common. Historically, the complexity and technology involved has often dissuaded universal adoption of this method in regularly run laboratory courses. However with the increasing availability and robustness of new technologies, the use of remote laboratories is being explored by many distance educators in the sciences as a viable method of offering a first-class laboratory experience for the student.

scholarly journals An Integrated Geometric-Graph-Theoretic Approach to Representing Origami Structures and Their Corresponding Truss Frameworks

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Chen ◽  
Pooya Sareh ◽  
Jiayi Yan ◽  
Arash S. Fallah ◽  
Jian Feng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Geometric Graph ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Graph Products ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Graph Theoretic Approach ◽  
Repeated Unit ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Scientists And Engineers

Origami has provided various interesting applications in science and engineering. Appropriate representations and evaluation on crease patterns play an important role in developing an innovative origami structure with desired characteristics. However, this is generally a challenge encountered by scientists and engineers who introduce origami into various fields. As most practical origami structures contain repeated unit cells, graph products provide a suitable choice for the formation of crease patterns. Here, we will employ undirected and directed graph products as a tool for the representation of crease patterns and their corresponding truss frameworks of origami structures. Given that an origami crease pattern can be considered to be a set of directionless crease lines that satisfy the foldability condition, we demonstrate that the pattern can be exactly expressed by a specific graph product of independent graphs. It turns out that this integrated geometric-graph-theoretic method can be effectively implemented in the formation of different crease patterns and provide suitable numbering of nodes and elements. Furthermore, the presented method is useful for constructing the involved matrices and models of origami structures and thus enhances configuration processing for geometric, kinematic, or mechanical analysis on origami structures.

scholarly journals IL CONTRIBUTO DEL POLITECNICO ALLO SVILUPPO DELL’INFORMATICA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Ghezzi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

The history of Computer Science and Engineering (Informatics) began internationally after the Second World War. In the last decade of the twentieth century it bacame one of the disciplines with highest impact on economy, industry, and society. The development of Informatics at Politecnico started when the first computer was brought to Italy from the USA by Prof. Luigi Dadda and the first experiments and investigations were launched. Since then Informatics has been continuously growing until today it became the engine of modern society, often called the Information Society. This paper reports on the main developments of Informatics at Politecnico and the main contributions achieved nationally and internationally in education and research.

Differences in the Thinking-Writing Process

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertrude Taylor Smith
Keyword(s):  
Writing Process ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Scientists And Engineers

This article presents differences between the thinking-writing experiences of outstanding mathematicians, scientists, and engineers (image thinkers) and those trained in the humanities (verbalizers). It advocates use of the behavioral approach and drill to teach mathematics-, science-, and engineering-oriented students to write. A few examples of recommended drills are included.

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