scholarly journals Sensitivity of micromycetes of the genus Fusarium Link, causative agents of rot of the core of apple fruits, to the active substances of modern fungicides

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 04005
Author(s):  
Galina Yakuba ◽  
Irina Astapchuk ◽  
Andrey Nasonov
Keyword(s):  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Biological Effectiveness ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Very High ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Apple Fruits

As a result of the studies, species-specific reactions of strains of the genus Fusarium Link of relative sensitivity to the active substances of chemical fungicides, in vitro, were noted. The drugs showed both very high biological effectiveness (BE) (100%) and very low (0 %). In suppressing the species F. sporotrichioides, the best result was shown by a mixed preparation based on fluopyram and pyrimethanil, as well as single-component - mefentrifluconazole and cyprodinil, for the species F. oxysporum - all three mixed preparations: fluopyram + pyrimethanil; tebuconazole + fluopyram and thiram + difenoconazole. It can be preliminarily concluded that the same active substances and their mixtures exhibit unequal activity against different strains of the same species from the genus Fusarium, the causative agent of apple core rot.

scholarly journals Efficacy of fungicides against pathogens of apple core rot from the genera Fusarium Link, Alternaria Nees and Botrytis (Fr.) under laboratory conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
Irina Astapchuk ◽  
Galina Yakuba ◽  
Andrei Nasonov
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Effectiveness ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
High Antifungal Activity ◽  
Very High

As a result of the studies carried out, species-specific reactions of relative sensitivity to chemical fungicides of strains of the genera Fusarium Link, Alternaria Nees and Botrytis (Fr.) in vitro were noted. Fungicide Cidely-Top, DC inhibited the growth of fungi F. sporotrichioides, F. semitectum and A. alternata by 95-96 %, its minimum biological effectiveness was 83 % on the F. oxysporum strain. Fungicide Luna Tranquility, SC showed very high antifungal activity against F. avenacium, F. oxysporum and A. alternata (100 %) and low antifungal activity against F. solani and B. cinerea (73-74 %), other pathogens were suppressed with average activity. The drug Tirada, SC inhibited the growth of all studied micromycetes by 98-100 %, except for B. cinerea, the effectiveness against which was 94 % and lower. In general, against the B. cinerea fungus, the effectiveness of all drugs was average or below average, which may indicate the presence of resistance in the studied strain.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of fungicides in vitro against some species of the genus Fusarium Link – pathogens causing core rot of apple

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Yakuba ◽  
◽  
I.L. Astapchuk ◽  
A.I. Nasonov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Biological Effectiveness ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Reactions

The research aimed to determine in vitro effectiveness of fungicides of chemical origin against some species of the genus Fusarium Link – pathogens causing core rot of apple. The study showed low biological effectiveness of four fungicides against F. sporotrichioides and F. semitectum. The effect, with one exception, did not exceed 50%; some fungicides were ineffective. Species-specific reactions of relative sensitivity to chemical preparations for various in vitro indices were noted. Thus, F. semitectum showed a higher relative sensitivity in terms of the number of colonies; F. sporotrichioides – in the degree of development of aerial mycelium.

scholarly journals Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins ofBacillus thuringiensis

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 2049-2053 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cristina del Rincón-Castro ◽  
José Barajas-Huerta ◽  
Jorge E. Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Ofbacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Parasporal Crystals ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains ofB. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensissubsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensissubsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia niBTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.

scholarly journals Microbial Biopesticides in Agroecosystems

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Ruiu
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Invertebrate Pests ◽  
Active Substances

Microbial biopesticides include several microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, baculoviruses, and nematode-associated bacteria acting against invertebrate pests in agro-ecosystems. The biopesticide sector is experiencing a significant growth and many discoveries are being developed into new biopesticidal products that are fueling a growing global market offer. Following a few decades of successful use of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and a few other microbial species, recent academic and industrial efforts have led to the discovery of new microbial species and strains, and of their specific toxins and virulence factors. Many of these have, therefore, been developed into commercial products. Bacterial entomopathogens include several Bacillaceae, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Yersinia, Burkholderia, Chromobacterium, Streptomyces, and Saccharopolyspora species, while fungi comprise different strains of Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium, Lecanicillium, Hirsutella, Paecilomyces, and Isaria species. Baculoviruses are species-specific and refer to niche products active against chewing insects, especially Lepidopteran caterpillars. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) mainly include species in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema associated with mutualistic symbiotic bacteria belonging to the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. An updated representation of the current knowledge on microbial biopesticides and of the availability of active substances that can be used in integrated pest management programs in agro-ecosystems is reported here.

Characterization of phosphoglycan-containing secretory products ofLeishmania

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (S1) ◽  
pp. S63-S71 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ilg ◽  
Y.-D. Stierhof ◽  
M. Wiese ◽  
M. J. McConville ◽  
P. Overath
Keyword(s):  
Parasitophorous Vacuole ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Flagellar Pocket ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Modify Protein

SUMMARYThis article presents an overview on phosphoglycan-containing components secreted by the insect and mammalian stages of several species ofLeishmania, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in the Old and New World. Firstly, promastigotes of all three species considered,L. mexicana, L. donovaniandL. major, shed lipophosphoglycan (LPG) into the culture medium possibly by release of micelles from the cell surface. Like the cell-associated LPG, culture supernatant LPG is arhphiphilic and composed of a lysoalkylphosphatidylinositol-phosphosaccharide core connected to species-specific phosphosaccharide repeats and oligosaccharide caps. Secondly, all three species release hydrophilic phosphoglycan. Thirdly, all three species appear to secrete proteins covalently modified by phosphosaccharide repeats and oligosaccharide caps. In the case of promastigotes ofL. mexicana, these components are organized as two filamentous polymers released from the flagellar pocket: the secreted acid phosphatase (sAP) composed of a 100 kDa phosphoglycoprotein and a protein- containing high-molecular-weight-phosphoglycan (proteo-HMWPG) and fibrous networks likewise composed of phosphoglycan possibly linked to protein. Structural analyses and gene cloning suggest that the parasites can covalently modify protein regions rich in serine and threonine residues by the attachment of phosphosaccharide repeats capped by oligosaccharides. We propose that the networks formedin vitrocorrespond to fibrous material previously demonstrated in the digestive tract of infected sandflies. In the case ofL. donovani, the sAP is also modified by phosphoglycans but contains neither proteo-HMWPG nor does it aggregate to filaments. Finally,L. mexicanaamastigotes release proteo-HMWPG via the flagellar pocket into the parasitophorous vacuole of infected macrophages. This material appears to be released into the tissue of the infected mammal upon rupture of infected macrophages during lesion development. This secretory product may contribute to the pathology of lesion development.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibodies specific for globin chains

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Stamatoyannopoulos ◽  
M Farquhar ◽  
D Lindsley ◽  
M Brice ◽  
T Papayannopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Fetal Hemoglobin ◽  
Beta Subunits ◽  
Gamma Chain ◽  
Globin Chains ◽  
Gamma Subunits ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Reactions

Abstract Six monoclonal antibodies specific for human globin chains are described. They are produced by stable clones obtained by raising hybridomas using cells of mice immunized with either adult or fetal hemoglobin. Characterization of the antibodies included testing against tetrameric human and other animal hemoglobins, isolated hemoglobin chains, and when indicated, cyanogen bromide fragments. Monoclonals 16- 2 and 37–8 are beta-chain specific. Antibody 31–2 recognizes an antigenic determinant common to the alpha and beta subunits. Monoclonal 30–3 recognizes determinants best expressed in the alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer. Antibody 45–1 recognizes a determinant common to beta and gamma subunits, while antibody 51–7 is gamma-chain specific. None of the monoclonal antibodies recognizes mouse hemoglobin, and they display significant differences in binding to hemoglobins of various species. The species-specific reactions and the knowledge of the primary structures of globins allowed deductions about the antigenic sites recognized by two of the monoclonals (16–2 and 45–1). These antihemoglobin monoclonal antibodies will provide useful probes for studying hemoglobin expression in vivo and in vitro.

Rational design and synthesis of homochiral azole antifungal agents

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1477-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Botta ◽  
Federico Corelli ◽  
Fabrizio Manetti ◽  
Claudia Mugnaini ◽  
Andrea Tafi
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Imidazole Ring ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Imidazole Compounds ◽  
Very High

The first synthesis of both enantiomers of the antifungal drug bifonazole (1a) and related imidazole compounds 1i and 5b,c is described, starting from enantiomerically pure or enriched amines 6a­d. Construction of the imidazole ring on amines 6a­d was performed in a straightforward manner affording the final compounds in good overall yield and with very high enantiomeric purity, as determined by enantioselective HPLC. Biological evaluation in vitro of the single enantiomers of 1a,i and 5b,c against different strains of Candida albicans did not show any enantioselectivity. Finally, the pseudoreceptor modeling technique was applied to generate a model able to explain and predict the inhibitory activity of azole compounds against C. albicans P45014DM.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibodies specific for globin chains

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Stamatoyannopoulos ◽  
M Farquhar ◽  
D Lindsley ◽  
M Brice ◽  
T Papayannopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Fetal Hemoglobin ◽  
Beta Subunits ◽  
Gamma Chain ◽  
Globin Chains ◽  
Gamma Subunits ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Reactions

Six monoclonal antibodies specific for human globin chains are described. They are produced by stable clones obtained by raising hybridomas using cells of mice immunized with either adult or fetal hemoglobin. Characterization of the antibodies included testing against tetrameric human and other animal hemoglobins, isolated hemoglobin chains, and when indicated, cyanogen bromide fragments. Monoclonals 16- 2 and 37–8 are beta-chain specific. Antibody 31–2 recognizes an antigenic determinant common to the alpha and beta subunits. Monoclonal 30–3 recognizes determinants best expressed in the alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer. Antibody 45–1 recognizes a determinant common to beta and gamma subunits, while antibody 51–7 is gamma-chain specific. None of the monoclonal antibodies recognizes mouse hemoglobin, and they display significant differences in binding to hemoglobins of various species. The species-specific reactions and the knowledge of the primary structures of globins allowed deductions about the antigenic sites recognized by two of the monoclonals (16–2 and 45–1). These antihemoglobin monoclonal antibodies will provide useful probes for studying hemoglobin expression in vivo and in vitro.

Daunorubicin and Platelet Function

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (01) ◽  
pp. 038-042 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Pogliani ◽  
R Fantasia ◽  
G Lambertenghi-Deliliers ◽  
E Cofrancesco
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Hemorrhagic Diathesis ◽  
Clot Retraction ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Very High ◽  
Platelet Functions

SummaryThe influence of Daunorubicin on some platelet functions in vitro was investigated, using different concentrations of the drug (0.01-0.02-0.04 μg/ml). Daunorubicin was shown to inhibit Collagen and Thrombin induced platelet aggregation and the intensity of inhibition depended on both drug concentration and the time of preincubation.Daunorubicin was also shown to inhibit the release reaction, the platelet prostaglandin pathway and the availability platelet factor 3; the drug at concentrations for clinical use does not damage the platelet membrane, as is the case with the freezing and thawing test, in platelet uptake of 14C-serotonin and as confirmed by the electron microscope. When very high doses (0.16 mg) of Daunorubicin are used, lysis of the platelets can be observed and this is confirmed under the electron microscope by the presence of empty platelets with fractures at the level of the cytoplasmic membrane.Finally, Daunorubicin causes irreversible inhibition of reptilase clot-retraction, even if this is less severe than with Vincristine. Working with gel-filtered platelets, it would appear that the inhibition exercised by the drug on platelet reactions is not caused through modifications in Ca++ metabolism.The authors suggest that Daunorubicin, at the dosages used clinically, induces in vitro thrombocytopathy without damaging the cellular membrane as confirmed by the electron microscope.This impairment of platelet functions could play a part in hemorrhagic diathesis observed during Daunorubicin therapy.

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