Discussion on “Control and safety requirements for the electrical engineering design of the C.E.G.B. nuclear power stations”

From the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction to the present day represents a span of three decades: within that time large-scale generation of electrical power from nuclear energy has become acknowledged as economic, safe and environmentally acceptable. Within the U .K . 10% of electricity consumed is of nuclear origin. Some of the C.E.G.B. reactors have been in service for over 10 years. The operating experience that has been gained shows how the original design concepts have been ultimately developed. Some of the difficulties encountered and the engineering solutions are presented. Operating experience feeds back to the design philosophy and safety requirements for future nuclear plant. In this way a foundation is provided for the further exploitation of what must become a major source of energy in the next decade.

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HEYSHAM 2 AND TORNESS NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS - NOVEL ASPECTS OF THE CI VIL ENGINEERING DESIGN.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers ◽

10.1680/iicep.1985.919 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 1085-1108

Author(s):

MG PATERSON ◽

PE PORRITT ◽

JC BAILEY ◽

TAF WILLIS ◽

Keyword(s):

Engineering Design ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Stations

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An evaluation of the equipment tagging process in nuclear power stations

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e574032012-009 ◽

1983 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Doyle ◽

Lothar Schroeder ◽

Stephen Brewer

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Stations

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Environmental Protection Meets Security of Electricity Supply

Transnational Environmental Law ◽

10.1017/s2047102521000054 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Ilina Cenevska

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Habitats Directive ◽

Electricity Supply ◽

The European Union ◽

Power Stations ◽

Court Of Justice ◽

National Energy Policy ◽

The Relationship ◽

Practical Implications

Abstract This case comment explores the relationship between two intertwined objectives – ensuring security of electricity supply and environmental protection – in the context of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen ASBL v. Conseil des ministres. The analysis focuses on the application of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and the Habitats Directive to the facts of the case, which concerns the extension by a ten-year period of the operation of two Belgian nuclear power stations (Doel 1 and Doel 2) as part of a national energy policy strategy to ensure the security of Belgium's electricity supply. The case comment also considers the legal and practical implications that arise as a result of employing the ‘security of electricity supply’ exemption to enable derogation from the requirements of the aforementioned Directives in circumstances where a Member State considers the security of its electricity supply to be under threat.

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Evaluation of the residual stress in stainless steel 304L hydraulically expanded joints

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part E Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/0954408920964019 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 095440892096401

Author(s):

Ying Hong ◽

Xuesheng Wang ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Zhao Zhang ◽

Yong Han

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Yield Strength ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Heat Exchangers ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

The Finite Element Method ◽

Power Stations ◽

Stainless Steel 304 ◽

Initial Clearance

Stainless steel 304 L tubes are commonly used in the fabrication of heat exchangers for nuclear power stations. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 304 L tubes in hydraulically expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints is the main reason for the failure of heat exchangers. In this study, 304 L hydraulically expanded joint specimens were prepared and the residual stresses of a tube were evaluated with both an experimental method and the finite element method (FEM). The residual stresses in the outer and inner surfaces of the tube were measured by strain gauges. The expanding and unloading processes of the tube-to-tubesheet joints were simulated by the FEM. Furthermore, an SCC test was carried out to verify the results of the experimental measurement and the FEM. There was good agreement between the FEM and the experimental results. The distribution of the residual stress of the tube in the expanded joint was revealed by the FEM. The effects of the expansion pressure, initial tube-to-hole clearance, and yield strength of the tube on the residual stress in the transition zone that lay between the expanded and unexpanded region of the tube were investigated. The results showed that the residual stress of the expanded joint reached the maximum value when the initial clearance was eliminated. The residual stress level decreased with the decrease of the initial tube-to-hole clearance and yield strength. Finally, an effective method that would reduce the residual stress without losing tightness was proposed.

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