Research and development challenges for agent-based systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Ndumu ◽  
H.S. Nwana
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Agent Based

scholarly journals Simulating Market Entry Rewards for Antibiotics Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (S1) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Okhravi ◽  
Simone Callegari ◽  
Steve McKeever ◽  
Carl Kronlid ◽  
Enrico Baraldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
Monte Carlo Model ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Policy Intervention ◽  
Venture Capitalists ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Reducing Costs

We design an agent based Monte Carlo model of antibiotics research and development (R&D) to explore the effects of the policy intervention known as Market Entry Reward (MER) on the likelihood that an antibiotic entering pre-clinical development reaches the market. By means of sensitivity analysis we explore the interaction between the MER and four key parameters: projected net revenues, R&D costs, venture capitalists discount rates, and large pharmaceutical organizations' financial thresholds. We show that improving revenues may be more efficient than reducing costs, and thus confirm that this pull-based policy intervention effectively stimulates antibiotics R&D.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity: method and applications for complex systems analysis

2022 ◽  
Vol 2159 (1) ◽  
pp. 012013
Author(s):  
J M Redondo ◽  
J S Garcia ◽  
C Bustamante-Zamudio ◽  
M F Pereira ◽  
H F Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Sustainability Analysis

Abstract Socio-ecological systems like another physical systems are complex systems in which are required methods for analyzes their non-linearities, thresholds, feedbacks, time lags, and resilience. This involves understanding the heterogeneity of the interactions in time and space. In this article, we carry out the proposition and demonstration of two methods that allow the calculation of heterogeneity in different contexts. The practical effectiveness of the methods is presented through applications in sustainability analysis, land transport, and governance. It is concluded that the proposed methods can be used in various research and development areas due to their ease of being considered in broad modeling frameworks as agent-based modeling, system dynamics, or machine learning, although it could also be used to obtain point measurements only by replacing values.

Total etch dentin bonding systems: scanning electron microscopy of the resin-dentin hybrid layer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1092-1093
Author(s):  
Jorge Perdigao
Keyword(s):  
Composite Resin ◽  
Mechanical Interlocking ◽  
Hybrid Layer ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Dentin Bonding ◽  
Acid Agent ◽  
Bond Strengths ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Bonding Systems ◽  
New Generation

In 1955, Buonocore introduced the etching of enamel with phosphoric acid. Bonding to enamel was created by mechanical interlocking of resin tags with enamel prisms. Enamel is an inert tissue whose main component is hydroxyapatite (98% by weight). Conversely, dentin is a wet living tissue crossed by tubules containing cellular extensions of the dental pulp. Dentin consists of 18% of organic material, primarily collagen. Several generations of dentin bonding systems (DBS) have been studied in the last 20 years. The dentin bond strengths associated with these DBS have been constantly lower than the enamel bond strengths. Recently, a new generation of DBS has been described. They are applied in three steps: an acid agent on enamel and dentin (total etch technique), two mixed primers and a bonding agent based on a methacrylate resin. They are supposed to bond composite resin to wet dentin through dentin organic component, forming a peculiar blended structure that is part tooth and part resin: the hybrid layer.

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