Electronic telephone exchanges in the United Kingdom. Research and development - 1968-1979

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.R.F. Harris
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
The United Kingdom

Can increasing expenditure on research and development really be justified?

1997 ◽  
Vol 211 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
R. A. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
The United States ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
Commercial Research ◽  
National Economies

Economists since Adam Smith have recognized the contribution of innovation to profitability and growth. The relationship between corporate research and development and subsequent sales growth, both across and within industries, has been examined by many authors. Results have been varied showing at best no more than the suggestion of a causal relationship between research and development input and growth. These results are reviewed together with the various theories which have been developed in an attempt to explain the connection between technical innovation and growth. Starting with an examination of various national economies, the rate of commercial research and development expenditure has been compared to the rate of national growth. A number of industries in the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and the United States of America were also examined, taking the automotive industry as a particular case. In addition to using published data a survey of smaller vehicle manufacturers in the United Kingdom was conducted. Although positive correlation was found at an international and industry level, no association between research and development expenditure and sales growth was found at a company or project level in the United Kingdom.

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