FBC Technology and the Environmental Challenge

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
D. Lidgate
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Challenge

scholarly journals Adaptive response to a future life challenge: consequences of early-life environmental complexity in dual-purpose chicks

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yan ◽  
Kate Hartcher ◽  
Wen Liu ◽  
Jinlong Xiao ◽  
Hai Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Life Challenge ◽  
Environmental Challenge

Abstract Conditions in early life play profound and long-lasting effects on the welfare and adaptability to stress of chickens. This study aimed to explore the hypothesis that the provision of environmental complexity in early life improves birds’ adaptive plasticity and ability to cope with a challenge later in life. It also tried to investigate the effect of the gut-brain axis by measuring behavior, stress hormone, gene expression, and gut microbiota. One-day-old chicks were split into 3 groups: (1) a barren environment (without enrichment items) group (BG, n = 40), (2) a litter materials group (LG, n = 40), and (3) a perches with litter materials group (PLG, n = 40). Then, enrichment items were removed and simulated as an environmental challenge at 31 to 53 d of age. Birds were subjected to a predator test at 42 d of age. In the environmental challenge, when compared with LG, PLG birds were characterized by decreased fearfulness, lower plasma corticosterone, improved gut microbial functions, lower relative mRNA expression of GR, and elevated mRNA expressions of stress-related genes CRH, BDNF, and NR2A in the hypothalamus (all P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the opposite was true for the LG birds when compared with the BG (P < 0.05). Decreased plasma corticosterone and fearfulness were accompanied by altered hypothalamic gene mRNA expressions of BDNF, NR2A, GR, and CRH through the HPA axis in response to altered gut microbial compositions and functions. The findings suggest that gut microbiota may integrate fearfulness, plasma corticosterone, and gene expression in the hypothalamus to provide an insight into the gut-brain axis in chicks. In conclusion, having access to both perches and litter materials in early life allowed birds to cope better with a future challenge. Birds in perches and litter materials environment may have optimal development and adaptive plasticity through the gut-brain axis.

Disruptive Nanozyme Technology for futuristic Bio-Medical and Bio-imaging Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Artificial Enzymes ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Bio Imaging ◽  
Environmental Challenge

: Biocatalysts or enzymes have a pivotal role in speeding up most of the biochemical reactions that drives life processes. Although substrate specific and promising, there are some pitfalls that limit their use for wide application. To counteract the shortcomings, artificial enzymes possessing enzyme characteristics with additional qualities have been devised and that kick-started in the late 2000s. This review aims to provide an overview of nanozymes, designing concept, nanomaterials and applications. To begin with, the limitations encountered by natural enzymes and its replacement with nanozymes have been highlighted. Secondly, how nanozymes evolved in due course of time, classification and engineering strategies have been briefly described. Most importantly, the engineering of nanozymes for improved catalytic activities have also been discussed. A clear distinction between the enzymatic-mimic for various clinical and bioimaging applications has been critically reviewed. With this rapidly emerging technology, there would be a great demand pertaining to scalability, biosafety, catalytic diversity and environmental challenge needs much consideration.

Redefining the Issues: NGO Influence on International Forest Negotiations

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
International Forest Policy ◽  
Environmental Challenge

How successful have nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) been in influencing international forest policy? Specifically, how effective have they been at altering the texts of international forest policy declarations and agreements? This paper studies NGO efforts to influence international forest policy from the mid-1980s, when deforestation first emerged as an international environmental challenge, to 2001 when the United Nations Forum on Forests was created. This paper demonstrates that, in the short term, NGOs are more effective when they: 1. involve themselves in the early stages of negotiations, 2. suggest substantive and procedural ideas that are already well-known in fora outside forest politics, and 3. align their suggestions with the prevailing neoliberal discourse of international politics. The paper suggests that such conditions can be rather limited and thus speculates about NGO efforts within a longer time frame.

scholarly journals Who Has the Body? Party Institutionalization and Theories of Party Organization

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise L. Baer
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
The Body ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Party Institutionalization ◽  
Environmental Challenge

This analysis seeks to codify and elucidate an emerging consensus among party scholars concerning the phenomenon and significance of the institutionalized party. More than the mere bureaucratization of party organizations, by adapting to environmental challenge an evolving “web of party” has sprouted new linkages between elites and non-elites, as well as among national and subnational executives and legislatures. Party scholarship, dominated until recently by non-institutional perspectives such as progressivism, behavioralism, and pluralism, needs to examine party institutionalization in a broader institutional context, i.e., as compared with Congress, the Presidency, and other prime political institutions, for which the advent of the institutionalized party has far-reaching implications.

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