Tracking of a “Moving” Fused Auditory Image Under Conditions that Elicit the Precedence Effect

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Moore ◽  
Jerry L. Cranford ◽  
Angela E. Rahn
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Precedence Effect ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Auditory Image ◽  
Conventional Tests ◽  
Temporal Lobe Lesions

Pursuit auditory tracking of a fused auditory image (FAI), based on stimulus conditions known to elicit the precedence effect phenomenon in sound localization, was investigated in 36 normal subjects and in a small group of subjects with known neuropathology. Movement of the FAI was simulated by incrementally varying the delay between two clicks presented, one each, from two loudspeakers placed on opposite sides of the listener. The group of normal listeners tracked the movement of the FAI without difficulty and with great accuracy; the perceived location of the FAI varied linearly with the interspeaker delay. The sensitivity of the task in detecting neural timing or integration deficits was investigated in 5 subjects with neuropathology, including subjects with unilateral temporal lobe lesions, multiple sclerosis, or dyslexia. These disorders, previously shown to disrupt neural timing, yielded characteristic patterns of tracking inaccuracy for this task. These subjects had no difficulty localizing either a moving unitary click source or sounds in daily life. These data support the suggestion that sound localization using stimulus conditions known to elicit the precedence effect places greater demands on neural timing and integration than conventional tests of localization, and may provide a more sensitive index of neural function.

Effects of Aging on the Precedence Effect in Sound Localization

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry L. Cranford ◽  
Martha Boose ◽  
Christopher A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Sound Localization ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Precedence Effect ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Fused Image ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Young And Elderly Subjects

The precedence effect in sound localization can be evoked by presenting identical sounds (e.g., clicks) from pairs of loudspeakers placed on opposite sides of a subject’s head. With appropriate inter-loudspeaker delays, normal subjects perceive a fused image originating from the side of the leading loudspeaker. Separate tests at loudspeaker delays ranging from 0 to 8 ms were presented to groups of young and elderly subjects. At 0 ms delay, young subjects perceived the fused image to be located halfway between the loudspeakers; at progressively longer delays, the image was perceived closer to the leading loudspeaker. Significant numbers of elderly subjects exhibited discrimination difficulties with delays below 0.7 ms.

Tests of the Precedence Effect in Sound Localization Reveal Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry L. Cranford ◽  
Martha Boose ◽  
Christopher A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Precedence Effect

scholarly journals Bi-caudate ratio as a MRI marker of white matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis and ischemic leukocencephalopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dena Serag ◽  
Eman Ragab
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Linear Measurement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Imaging Science ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background Brain atrophy measurement is now a cornerstone in basic neuro-imaging science. While assessment of white matter atrophy by visual inspection is subjective, volumetric approaches are time-consuming and not often feasible. Bi-caudate ratio represents a linear surrogate parameter of brain volume that can be derived from standard imaging sequences. This study highlights the value of the bi-caudate ratio (BCR) as a MRI marker of white matter atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis and ischemic leukoencephalopathy and set a cut-off value to differentiate between patients with white matter atrophy and normal subjects. Results A total of 115 patients (54 males and 61 females) diagnosed with white matter leukoencephalopathy (MS in 51 patients and ischemic leukoencephalopathy in 64 patients) were included. Another group of 60 subjects with a normal white matter signal was recruited as a control group. BCR for the patient group ranged from 0.13 to 0.27 (mean (± SD) = 0.16 ± 0.02), while for the control group, it ranged from 0.05 mm to 0.13 (mean (± SD) = 0.09 ± 0.01). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P value < 0.001). A cut-off value of 0.13 was used to differentiate between the BCR in both patients and control groups with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 99.2%, 100%, and 99%, respectively. The difference in BCR for patients diagnosed with MS and ischemic leukoencephalopathy was also statistically significant (P value < 0.001). Conclusion The bi-caudate ratio represents a linear measurement of subcortical atrophy that can be useful as a surrogate marker of global supra-tentorial white matter atrophy instead of the usually performed visual and therefore subjective assessment. It is an easily obtained measure that can be performed without complex time-consuming volumetric studies. Our findings also revealed that the BCR is higher in patients with ischemic leukoencephalopathy than in patients with MS.

scholarly journals Patients experiences with multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies in daily life – a qualitative interview study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sippel ◽  
Karin Riemann-Lorenz ◽  
Jutta Scheiderbauer ◽  
Ingo Kleiter ◽  
Rebecca Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Interview Study ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapies ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Background Besides coping with a disease with many uncertainties, people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis face complex decisions concerning disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). In an interview study, we aimed to assess patients’ experiences with DMTs. Methods Problem-centred interviews were conducted with 50 people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Germany using maximum variation sampling and covering all licensed DMTs. Data were analysed thematically using deductive and inductive categories. Results 47 of 50 patients had treatment with at least one of the approved DMTs. The main themes were: (1) starting a DMT, (2) switching to another DMT, (3) discontinuing a DMT, and (4) multiple sclerosis without starting a DMT. Different intercorrelated factors influenced the decision-making processes for or against a DMT. Individual experiences with DMTs in daily life contained the effort in administration, success, and failure of DMTs, coping strategies and well-being without DMTs. The decision-making process for or against a DMT and the use of those treatments can be understood as a constant, continually shifting process, complicated by different factors, which change over time. Experiences with DMTs were characterized by attempts to handle uncertainty and to (re)gain control and integrate adaptivity into one’s life. Conclusions The study provides a rich and nuanced amount of patients’ experiences with DMTs. The findings demonstrate the importance for practitioners to look at current life circumstances of patients with multiple sclerosis when recommending a DMT and to promote and enable patients to make informed decisions.

Saccadic Dyskinesia, Other Involuntary Eye Movements, and Gaze Deviations

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Wong
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mesencephalic Reticular Formation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Central Mesencephalic Reticular Formation ◽  
Cerebellar Diseases ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Small Saccade

■ A small saccade of 0.5–3° that takes the eye away from fixation, followed by a saccade that returns the eye back to fixation after about 200 msec (i.e., presence of intersaccadic interval during which visual feedback occurs) ■ So named because of its appearance in eye movement tracings ■ Normal subjects often have square wave jerks (SWJ), but the rate is only 4–6 per minute. ■ Pathologic SWJ occurs at a rate of >15 per minute. ■ Cerebellar diseases Square wave jerks result from damage of projections from the frontal eye field, rostral pole of the superior colliculus, and the central mesencephalic reticular formation to the omnipause cells in the pons. If symptomatic, SWJ may be treated with methylphenidate, diazepam, phenobarbital, or amphetamines. ■ Burst of saccades with defective steps of innervation (i.e., stepless saccades) ■ Conjugate or monocular Saccadic pulses are associated with multiple sclerosis. Saccadic pulses result from damage of omnipause cells or the neural integrator.

scholarly journals Laboratory versus daily life gait characteristics in patients with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and matched controls

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrutangkumar V. Shah ◽  
James McNames ◽  
Martina Mancini ◽  
Patricia Carlson-Kuhta ◽  
Rebecca I. Spain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Gait Characteristics ◽  
Discrete Moment ◽  
Healthy Control

Abstract Background and purpose  Recent findings suggest that a gait assessment at a discrete moment in a clinic or laboratory setting may not reflect functional, everyday mobility. As a step towards better understanding gait during daily life in neurological populations, we compared gait measures that best discriminated people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) from their respective, age-matched, healthy control subjects (MS-Ctl, PD-Ctl) in laboratory tests versus a week of daily life monitoring. Methods  We recruited 15 people with MS (age mean ± SD: 49 ± 10 years), 16 MS-Ctl (45 ± 11 years), 16 people with idiopathic PD (71 ± 5 years), and 15 PD-Ctl (69 ± 7 years). Subjects wore 3 inertial sensors (one each foot and lower back) in the laboratory followed by 7 days during daily life. Mann–Whitney U test and area under the curve (AUC) compared differences between PD and PD-Ctl, and between MS and MS-Ctl in the laboratory and in daily life. Results  Participants wore sensors for 60–68 h in daily life. Measures that best discriminated gait characteristics in people with MS and PD from their respective control groups were different between the laboratory gait test and a week of daily life. Specifically, the toe-off angle best discriminated MS versus MS-Ctl in the laboratory (AUC [95% CI] = 0.80 [0.63–0.96]) whereas gait speed in daily life (AUC = 0.84 [0.69–1.00]). In contrast, the lumbar coronal range of motion best discriminated PD versus PD-Ctl in the laboratory (AUC = 0.78 [0.59–0.96]) whereas foot-strike angle in daily life (AUC = 0.84 [0.70–0.98]). AUCs were larger in daily life compared to the laboratory. Conclusions Larger AUC for daily life gait measures compared to the laboratory gait measures suggest that daily life monitoring may be more sensitive to impairments from neurological disease, but each neurological disease may require different gait outcome measures.

Aging and spectral characteristics of the nonharmonic component of 24-h heart rate variability

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. R1724-R1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiichiro Sakata ◽  
Junichiro Hayano ◽  
Seiji Mukai ◽  
Akiyoshi Okada ◽  
Takao Fujinami
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Break Point ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Interindividual Difference ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics

To examine whether heart rate variability (HRV) during daily life shows power law behavior independently of age and interindividual difference in the total power, log-log scaled coarse-graining spectra of the nonharmonic component of 24-h HRV were studied in 62 healthy men (age 21–79 yr). The spectra declined with increasing frequency in all subjects, but they appeared as broken lines slightly bending downward, particularly in young subjects with a large total power. Regression of the spectrum by a broken line with a single break point revealed that the spectral exponent (β) was greater in the region below than above the break point (1.63 ± 0.23 vs. 0.96 ± 0.21, P < 0.001). The break point frequency increased with age ( r = 0.51, P < 0.001) and β correlated with age negatively below the break point ( r = 0.39) and positively above the break point ( r = 0.70). The contribution to interindividual difference in total power was greater from the differences in the power spectral density at frequencies closer to both ends of the frequency axis and minimal from that at −3.25 log(Hz), suggesting hingelike movement of the spectral shape at this frequency with the difference in total power. These characteristics of the 24-h HRV spectrum were simulated by an artificial signal generated by adding two noises with different β values. Given that the power law assumption is fundamental to the analysis of dynamics through the log-log scaled spectrum, our observations are substantial for physiological and clinical studies of the heartbeat dynamic during daily life and suggest that the nonharmonic component of HRV in normal subjects during daily life may include at least two 1/ f β fluctuations that differ in dynamics and age dependency.

scholarly journals Does gait bout definition influence the ability to discriminate gait quality between people with and without multiple sclerosis during daily life?

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Vrutangkumar V. Shah ◽  
James McNames ◽  
Graham Harker ◽  
Carolin Curtze ◽  
Patricia Carlson-Kuhta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Gait Quality

Interleukin-2 binding proteins in sera from normal subjects and multiple sclerosis patients

Neurology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1971-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Trotter ◽  
C. A. Damico ◽  
A. L. Trotter ◽  
K. G. Collins ◽  
A. H. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients
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