Judgments of Disfluency by Mothers of Stuttering and Normally Fluent Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Zebrowski ◽  
Edward G. Conture
Keyword(s):  
Group Differences ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Speech Disfluency ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
Age And Sex

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between selected aspects of speech disfluency and perceptual judgments of these events by mothers of young stutterers and mothers of age- and sex-matched normally fluent children. Each mother independently listened to and judged as either "stuttered" or "not stuttered" recorded examples of a young stutterer's imitated productions of: (a) five different types of speech disfluency, (b) sound prolongations, and (c) sound/syllable repetitions of five different durations each, along with a comparable number of fluent utterances. Results indicated that although some between-group differences in judgments were observed, both groups most frequently judged sound/syllable repetitions to be stuttered, followed by whole-word repetitions and broken words. Fluent utterances, interjections, and sound prolongations were most frequently judged to be not stuttered by all mothers. Both groups judged sound prolongations averaging 258 ms in duration to be stuttered an average of 25% of the time, increasing to 68% for sound prolongations averaging 1254 ms; however, both groups of mothers judged sound/syllable repetitions of two or more iterations to be stuttered an average of 93% of the time. Findings suggest that there are not appreciable differences between mothers of stuttering and normally fluent children regarding their perceptual judgments of speech disfluencies, but each group might more frequently judge as stuttered those types of speech disfluencies characteristic of their own children's speech.

Duration of the Speech Disfluencies of Beginning Stutterers

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Zebrowski
Keyword(s):  
Average Duration ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Principal Characteristics ◽  
Word Repetition ◽  
Syllable Repetition ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Speech Disfluency ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age And Sex

This study compared the duration of within-word disfluencies and the number of repeated units per instance of sound/syllable and whole-word repetitions of beginning stutterers to those produced by age- and sex-matched nonstuttering children. Subjects were 10 stuttering children [9 males and 1 female; mean age 4:1 (years:months); age range 3:2–5:0], and 10 nonstuttering children (9 males and 1 female; mean age 4:0; age range: 2:10–5:1). Mothers of the stuttering children reported that their children had been stuttering for 1 year or less. One 300-word conversational speech sample from each of the stuttering and nonstuttering children was analyzed for (a) mean duration of sound/syllable repetition and sound prolongation, (b) mean number of repeated units per instance of sound/syllable and whole-word repetition, and (c) various related measures of the frequency of all between- and within-word speech disfluencies. There were no significant between-group differences for either the duration of acoustically measured sound/syllable repetitions and sound prolongations or the number of repeated units per instance of sound/syllable and whole-word repetition. Unlike frequency and type of speech disfluency produced, average duration of within-word disfluencies and number of repeated units per repetition do not differentiate the disfluent speech of beginning stutterers and their nonstuttering peers. Additional analyses support findings from previous perceptual work that type and frequency of speech disfluency, not duration, are the principal characteristics listeners use in distinguishing these two talker groups.

Early Spelling Acquisition: Does Writing Really Beat the Computer?

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Vaughn ◽  
Jeanne Shay Schumm ◽  
Jane Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Primary Grade ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Spelling Acquisition ◽  
Instructional Activity ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Based Instruction

This research evaluated the efficacy of handwriting, letter tiles, and computer-based instruction on the early spelling acquisition of normal achieving (NLD) and learning disabled (LD) elementary students. The study replicated and extended the Cunningham and Stanovich (1990) study. Forty-eight primary-grade students (24 non-learning disabled; 24 learning disabled) received spelling training under three experimental conditions that involved different types of instructional activity: writing, sorting letter tiles, or typing on the computer. Results indicated no significant differences between the LD and NLD groups on words spelled correctly for any of the three conditions. Since the number of spelling words learned was low across conditions and groups, the number of correctly learned bigrams was examined. No within-group differences emerged for condition (writing, tile, computer); however, significant differences between the groups were found on number of bigrams learned for writing, tile, and computer, with the NLD group outperforming the LD group on all three conditions. Statistically significant time effects for bigrams were also noted for all three conditions. Unlike the Cunningham and Stanovich (1990) study, results did not replicate the superiority of the handwriting condition for the NLD group, nor was the handwriting condition found to be significantly more effective for the LD group.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of feline urolithiasis in Mexico (2006–2017)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 205511691988569
Author(s):  
Claudia I Mendoza-López ◽  
Javier Del-Angel-Caraza ◽  
María A Aké-Chiñas ◽  
Israel A Quijano-Hernández ◽  
Marco A Barbosa-Mireles
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mineral Analyses ◽  
Age And Sex

Objectives The objectives of this study were to identify the proportions of different types of uroliths, characterize the population of cats that present with urolithiasis and determine possible predisposing factors in a population of Mexican cats. Methods This study analyzed clinical specimens of feline urolithiasis submitted to our laboratory in the period from 2006 to 2017. The mineral composition of the uroliths was determined by qualitative and quantitative mineral analyses, performed by stereoscopic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Results In the population studied, 54.3% of all uroliths were calcium oxalate, followed by 32.1% struvite and 7.4% purine (urate and xanthine) uroliths, with other types accounting for 6.2% of submissions. The male:female ratio was 1.2:1. Calcium oxalate submissions were predominantly from males and struvite submissions were predominantly from females. The age of the cats with stone submissions ranged from 6 months to 17 years. In cats with calcium oxalate uroliths, 52.3% were aged 7 years or older. Cats with struvite uroliths were younger, with 65.4% younger than 6 years of age. Almost 90% of all submitted uroliths were from domestic shorthair cats. Conclusions and relevance This is the first epidemiologic study of urolithiasis in cats in Mexico. Age and sex predispositions to common uroliths were identified, as males aged ≥7 years primarily presented with calcium oxalate uroliths and females aged <6 years primarily presented struvite uroliths. Cases of urolithiasis of genetic origin, including xanthinuria and cystinuria, were also detected, in addition to silicate uroliths.

scholarly journals Postural Behaviour in Gilts Housed on Concrete and Rubber Slats During four Seasons

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Pavičić ◽  
Mario Ostović ◽  
Sven Menčik ◽  
Anamaria Ekert Kabalin ◽  
Marija Vučemilo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Service Unit ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rubber Mat ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractIn the present study, postural behaviour was compared between gilts kept in service unit with different types of flooring during all seasons. The study included four 28-day production cycles and 10 gilts per cycle, equally divided into a control and an experimental group. Control gilts were housed in gestation stalls with slatted concrete floor, whereas in the experimental group the floor was covered with an adjusted rubber mat. Postural behaviour of gilts was observed 4 times per cycle for 4 hours. Study results showed that during cooler seasons, gilts in concrete stalls spent more time standing and lying sternally, whereas gilts in matted stalls were mostly lying, predominantly laterally (P<0.001 all). There were no significant between group differences according to the time the gilts spent sitting or the frequency of changing posture in any season observed. Nevertheless, experimental animals spent significantly less time changing standing to both lying positions during all seasons (P<0.01 all). In conclusion, rubber mats may improve lying comfort in gilts; however, when using rubber mats, the house thermal conditions should be taken in consideration.

Principal and Differential Effects of Haloperidol and Placebo Treatments upon Speech Disfluencies in Stutterers

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Prins ◽  
Theodore Mandelkorn ◽  
F. Ann Cerf
Keyword(s):  
Crossover Study ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Drug Effect ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Speech Disfluency ◽  
Blind Crossover Study ◽  
Double Blind Crossover Study

abstract Fourteen stutterers completed a double-blind crossover study of the effects of Haloperidol and Placebo treatments upon their speech disfluencies. Although clearly not clinically effective, Haloperidol had a statistically significant effect upon reducing disfluency frequency and increasing speaking rate. For most subjects, drug-related reductions in disfluency severity resulted from a decrement in whole-word and phrase repetition, interjection, and revision-type disfluencies rather than from fewer part-word (elemental) repetitions and prolongations of sound or of silence. Neurotic personality profile correlated positively with an overall placebo effect, and there was a positive correlation between abnormal EEG and the drug effect. These findings are discussed in light of the nature of speech disfluency and stuttering and Haloperidol's biochemical and behavioral actions.

Word Position and Grammatical Function in Relation to Preschoolers' Speech Disfluency

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen-Marie Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Nursery School ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Word Position ◽  
Interview Situation ◽  
School Classroom ◽  
Speech Disfluency ◽  
Children's Speech

Spontaneous speech samples were tape-recorded from 10 4-yr.-old nonstutterers in their nursery school classroom and in an interview situation. The samples were analyzed to determine whether the children tended to be disfluent on initial words of utterances and on pronouns and conjunctions. The tendency for beginning stutterers to stutter on such words is considered part of the symptomatology of Phase I, or beginning, stuttering. The children in this study demonstrated a statistically significant tendency in both situations to be disfluent on these words. Thus, the tendency to produce speech interruptions at the beginning of utterances and on pronouns and conjunctions appears to be a characteristic of young children's speech production rather than an aspect of the symptomatology of beginning stuttering.

Cognitive Morphology in Swedish: Studies with Normals and Aphasics

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Ahlsén
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Slips Of The Tongue ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Swedish Data

A multiple methods approach was applied to the study of morphology on the processing of lexical items in Swedish. Data from slips-of-the-tongue, agrammatic speech production, agrammatic oral reading, and lexical decision experiments were used. The results indicate that whole word processing as well as morphological processing takes place in the different types of tasks. The type of processing seems to vary along a continuum, with whole word processing as the most commonly applied type in automatized and relatively simple processing (such as lexical decision for common Swedish words), whereas signs of morpheme-based processing appear less often, and perhaps in less automatized tasks (such as agrammatic speech production).

Children's Speech Revisions for a Familiar and an Unfamiliar Adult

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello ◽  
Michael Jeffrey Farrar ◽  
Jennifer Dines
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Adult Listener ◽  
Conversational Cues ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
Communicative Abilities

Initial characterizations of the communicative abilities of preschoolers stressed their egocentric nature. Recently, however, even 2-year-olds have been observed to adjust their speech appropriately in situations in which the listener provides feedback by signaling noncomprehension. The current study had an adult signal noncomprehension to the requests of 2-year-old Stage I and Stage II children. Each child interacted with a familiar (mother) and an unfamiliar adult. The children repeated their requests about one third of the time and revised them about two thirds of the time. Stage I children elaborated their requests significantly more often than Stage II children. The familiarity of the adult listener had no effect on the way Stage II children revised their requests, but the Stage I children's revisions contained novel lexical items more often when they were interacting with the unfamiliar adult. Both of these findings may have resulted from the fact that the more conversationally skilled Stage II children relied on verbal-conversational cues, which were the same for both adult interactants in this situation. The Stage I children may have been less aware of these conversational cues, relying on general social cues such as familiarity of the interactant. The results are discussed in terms of the potential role of different types of adults in the language acquisition process.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Robustness of the English Sibilant Fricative Contrast in Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Holliday ◽  
Patrick F. Reidy ◽  
Mary E. Beckman ◽  
Jan Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Phonological Contrast ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Centroid Frequency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Children's Speech

Purpose Four measures of children's developing robustness of phonological contrast were compared to see how they correlated with age, vocabulary size, and adult listeners' correctness ratings. Method Word-initial sibilant fricative productions from eighty-one 2- to 5-year-old children and 20 adults were phonetically transcribed and acoustically analyzed. Four measures of robustness of contrast were calculated for each speaker on the basis of the centroid frequency measured from each fricative token. Productions that were transcribed as correct from different children were then used as stimuli in a perception experiment in which adult listeners rated the goodness of each production. Results Results showed that the degree of category overlap, quantified as the percentage of a child's productions whose category could be correctly predicted from the output of a mixed-effects logistic regression model, was the measure that correlated best with listeners' goodness judgments. Conclusions Even when children's productions have been transcribed as correct, adult listeners are sensitive to within-category variation quantified by the child's degree of category overlap. Further research is needed to explore the relationship between the age of a child and adults' sensitivity to different types of within-category variation in children's speech.

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