Phonemic Information Transmitted by a Multichannel Electrotactile Speech Processor

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blamey ◽  
R. S. C. Cowan ◽  
J. I. Alcantara ◽  
G. M. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Digital Nerve ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Tactile Information ◽  
Speech Processor ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Acoustic Speech Signal ◽  
Second Formant

A wearable electrotactile speech processor was evaluated in a study with seven normally hearing and four hearing-impaired subjects. The processor estimated the fundamental frequency, the second-formant frequency, and amplitude of the acoustic speech signal. These parameters were presented as a pattern of electrical pulses applied to eight electrodes positioned over the digital nerve bundles on one hand. The device was shown to provide useful information for the recognition of phonemes in closed sets of words using tactile information alone. The device also supplemented lipreading to improve the recognition of open-set words. The recognition of duration and first- and second-formant frequencies of vowels and the recognition of voicing and manner of consonants were improved over recognition with lipreading alone. Recognition of final consonants was improved more than recognition of initial consonants. These results indicate that the device may be useful to both severely and profoundly hearing-impaired people.

Psychophysical and Speech Studies with an Electrotactile Speech Processor

1987 ◽  
Vol 96 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 87-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blamey
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Electrode Position ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Speech Processor ◽  
Multiple Channel ◽  
Second Formant

A multiple-channel electrotactile speech processor worn on the fingers of one hand has been constructed. This processor implements a speech-coding strategy that presents the second formant frequency by electrode position, fundamental frequency by electrical pulse rate, and amplitude envelope by pulse width. This strategy is similar to the one used by the Nucleus cochlear implant. Psychophysical tests with normally hearing and profoundly deaf subjects have measured the discrimination of stimuli differing in pulse rate, electrode, or pulse width. The levels of performance were comparable to those for cochlear implant patients except for pulse rate discrimination. Three untrained normally hearing adults using electrotactile stimulation without hearing or lipreading scored significantly better than chance for a range of two alternative forced-choice speech discrimination tasks. Provided that subjects can learn to associate linguistically meaningful concepts with tactile sensations, an improved level of speech comprehension may be achieved when the electrotactile speech processor is used together with lipreading.

Frequency Discrimination Ability and Stop-Consonant Identification in Normally Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Subjects

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen T. Ochs ◽  
Larry E. Humes ◽  
Ralph N. Ohde ◽  
D. Wesley Grantham
Keyword(s):  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Listening In Noise ◽  
Burst Spectrum ◽  
Second Formant

Identification of place of articulation in the synthesized syllables/bi/,/di/, and /gi/ was examined in three groups of listeners: (a) normal hearers, (b) subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, and (c) normally hearing subjects listening in noise. Stimuli with an appropriate second formant (F2) transition (moving-F2 stimuli) were compared with stimuli in which F2 was constant (straight-F2 stimuli) to examine the importance of the F2 transition in stop-consonant perception. For straight-F2 stimuli, burst spectrum and F2 frequency were appropriate for the syllable involved. Syllable duration also was a variable, with formant durations of 10, 19, 28, and 44 ms employed. All subjects' identification performance improved as stimulus duration increased. The groups were equivalent in terms of their identification of /di/ and /gi/ syllables, whereas the hearing-impaired and noise-masked normal listeners showed impaired performance for/bi/, particularly for the straight-F2 version. No difference in performance among groups was seen for /di/ and /gi/ stimuli for moving-F2 and straight-F2 versions. Second-formant frequency discrimination measures suggested that subjects' discrimination abilities were not acute enough to take advantage of the formant transition in the /di/and /gi/stimuli.

Effects of Aging on the Subcortical Encoding of Stop Consonants

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-403
Author(s):  
Dania Rishiq ◽  
Ashley Harkrider ◽  
Cary Springer ◽  
Mark Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Auditory Brainstem Responses ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aging effects on the predominantly subcortical (brainstem) encoding of the second-formant frequency transition, an essential acoustic cue for perceiving place of articulation. Method Synthetic consonant–vowel syllables varying in second-formant onset frequency (i.e., /ba/, /da/, and /ga/ stimuli) were used to elicit speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses (speech-ABRs) in 16 young adults ( M age = 21 years) and 11 older adults ( M age = 59 years). Repeated-measures mixed-model analyses of variance were performed on the latencies and amplitudes of the speech-ABR peaks. Fixed factors were phoneme (repeated measures on three levels: /b/ vs. /d/ vs. /g/) and age (two levels: young vs. older). Results Speech-ABR differences were observed between the two groups (young vs. older adults). Specifically, older listeners showed generalized amplitude reductions for onset and major peaks. Significant Phoneme × Group interactions were not observed. Conclusions Results showed aging effects in speech-ABR amplitudes that may reflect diminished subcortical encoding of consonants in older listeners. These aging effects were not phoneme dependent as observed using the statistical methods of this study.

ON A NEW CLASS OF SEMI GENERALIZED CLOSED SETS IN STRONG GENERALIZED TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 9353-9360
Author(s):  
G. Selvi ◽  
I. Rajasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
New Class ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Continuous Maps

This paper deals with the concepts of semi generalized closed sets in strong generalized topological spaces such as $sg^{\star \star}_\mu$-closed set, $sg^{\star \star}_\mu$-open set, $g^{\star \star}_\mu$-closed set, $g^{\star \star}_\mu$-open set and studied some of its basic properties included with $sg^{\star \star}_\mu$-continuous maps, $sg^{\star \star}_\mu$-irresolute maps and $T_\frac{1}{2}$-space in strong generalized topological spaces.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Multiplicative Combinatorial Properties of Dynamical Syndetic Sets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahao Qiu ◽  
Jianjie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subgroup ◽  
Finite Index ◽  
Minimal System ◽  
Combinatorial Properties ◽  
Return Times ◽  
Residual Set ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Geometric Progressions ◽  
Set Of Points

AbstractIn this paper, it is shown that for a minimal system (X, G), if H is a normal subgroup of G with finite index n, then X can be decomposed into n components of closed sets such that each component is minimal under H-action. Meanwhile, we prove that for a residual set of points in a minimal system with finitely many commuting homeomorphisms, the set of return times to any non-empty open set contains arbitrarily long geometric progressions in multidimension, extending a previous result by Glasscock, Koutsogiannis and Richter.

Second Formant Transitions of Selected Consonant-Vowel Combinations in the Speech of Deaf and Normal-Hearing Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall B. Monsen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Target Frequency ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Hearing Children

Although it is well known that the speech produced by the deaf is generally of low intelligibility, the sources of this low speech intelligibility have generally been ascribed either to aberrant articulation of phonemes or inappropriate prosody. This study was designed to determine to what extent a nonsegmental aspect of speech, formant transitions, may differ in the speech of the deaf and of the normal hearing. The initial second formant transitions of the vowels /i/ and /u/ after labial and alveolar consonants (/b, d, f/) were compared in the speech of six normal-hearing and six hearing-impaired adolescents. In the speech of the hearing-impaired subjects, the second formant transitions may be reduced both in time and in frequency. At its onset, the second formant may be nearer to its eventual target frequency than in the speech of the normal subjects. Since formant transitions are important acoustic cues for the adjacent consonants, reduced F 2 transitions may be an important factor in the low intelligibility of the speech of the deaf.

scholarly journals On Soft Rough Topology with Multi-Attribute Group Decision Making

Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Florentin Smarandache ◽  
Atiqa Firdous ◽  
Atiqa Fakhar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rough Set ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Continuous Mapping ◽  
Product Topology ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Soft Rough Set

Rough set approaches encounter uncertainty by means of boundary regions instead of membership values. In this paper, we develop the topological structure on soft rough set ( SR -set) by using pairwise SR -approximations. We define SR -open set, SR -closed sets, SR -closure, SR -interior, SR -neighborhood, SR -bases, product topology on SR -sets, continuous mapping, and compactness in soft rough topological space ( SRTS ). The developments of the theory on SR -set and SR -topology exhibit not only an important theoretical value but also represent significant applications of SR -sets. We applied an algorithm based on SR -set to multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) to deal with uncertainty.

scholarly journals Contra-continuous functions and stronglyS-closed spaces

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dontchev
Keyword(s):  
Dense Subset ◽  
Continuous Functions ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Locally Closed Sets ◽  
Continuous Images

In 1989 Ganster and Reilly [6] introduced and studied the notion ofLC-continuous functions via the concept of locally closed sets. In this paper we consider a stronger form ofLC-continuity called contra-continuity. We call a functionf:(X,τ)→(Y,σ)contra-continuous if the preimage of every open set is closed. A space(X,τ)is called stronglyS-closed if it has a finite dense subset or equivalently if every cover of(X,τ)by closed sets has a finite subcover. We prove that contra-continuous images of stronglyS-closed spaces are compact as well as that contra-continuous,β-continuous images ofS-closed spaces are also compact. We show that every stronglyS-closed space satisfies FCC and hence is nearly compact.

scholarly journals Arc-smooth functions on closed sets

2019 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Rainer
Keyword(s):  
Holomorphic Function ◽  
Smooth Function ◽  
Smooth Curve ◽  
Smooth Functions ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Connected Set ◽  
Subanalytic Sets ◽  
Real Analytic ◽  
Analytic Curves

By an influential theorem of Boman, a function $f$ on an open set $U$ in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ is smooth (${\mathcal{C}}^{\infty }$) if and only if it is arc-smooth, that is, $f\,\circ \,c$ is smooth for every smooth curve $c:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow U$. In this paper we investigate the validity of this result on closed sets. Our main focus is on sets which are the closure of their interior, so-called fat sets. We obtain an analogue of Boman’s theorem on fat closed sets with Hölder boundary and on fat closed subanalytic sets with the property that every boundary point has a basis of neighborhoods each of which intersects the interior in a connected set. If $X\subseteq \mathbb{R}^{d}$ is any such set and $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is arc-smooth, then $f$ extends to a smooth function defined on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. We also get a version of the Bochnak–Siciak theorem on all closed fat subanalytic sets and all closed sets with Hölder boundary: if $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is the restriction of a smooth function on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ which is real analytic along all real analytic curves in $X$, then $f$ extends to a holomorphic function on a neighborhood of $X$ in $\mathbb{C}^{d}$. Similar results hold for non-quasianalytic Denjoy–Carleman classes (of Roumieu type). We will also discuss sharpness and applications of these results.

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