Some Theoretical Considerations concerning the Relation between Functional Gain and Insertion Gain

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Stelmachowicz ◽  
Dawna E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Inaccurate Estimate

Three examples in which insertion gain and functional gain measures of hearing aid response do not agree are illustrated. In two of the cases, functional gain measures overestimate the true real-ear gain for average conversational speech and in the third example, insertion gain measures are shown to provide an inaccurate estimate of aided benefit. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, and an alternative method for measuring real-ear hearing-aid response is described.

Comparison of In-the-Ear and Over-the-Ear Hearing Aid Fittings

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Risberg ◽  
Robyn M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
The Relationship

A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement.

Economic Development and Traditional Social Structures: Some Theoretical Considerations

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4II) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soofia Mumtaz
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Industrial System ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Functional Logic ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

This paper discusses some issues currently preoccupying social scientists with respect to the process of development and its implications for Third World countries. These issues have become highly significant considering the momentum and nature of the development process being launched in the so-called "underdeveloped" world, within the context of modern nation-states. Therefore, in this paper, we seek to identify: (a) What is meant by development; (b) How the encounter between this process and traditional social structures (with their own functional logic, based on earlier forms of production and social existence) takes place; (c) What the implications of this encounter are; and (d) What lessons we can learn in this regard from history and anthropology. Development as a planned and organized process, the prime issue concerning both local and Western experts in Third World countries, is a recent phenomenon in comparison to the exposure of Third World countries to the Western Industrial system. The former gained momentum subsequent to the decolonization of the bulk of the Third World in the last half of this century, whereas the latter dates to at least the beginning of this century, if not earlier, when the repercussions of colonization, and later the two World Wars, became manifest in these countries.

A Follow-Up Study of the CROS Hearing Aid

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedda Aufricht
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Unilateral Hearing Loss ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Speech Distortion ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
The Mean

A recent development in hearing aids, the contralateral routing of signals (CROS), makes it possible to provide amplification for persons with unilateral hearing loss. In 1967, a CROS eyeglass hearing aid was placed on government contract and made available to veterans. To study the efficiency of the CROS, a follow-up questionnaire was sent to 60 male veterans who had been fitted with this aid. All had demonstrated unilateral hearing losses, and the mean threshold for the speech frequencies (500–2000 Hz) in the good ear was 24 dB. The 54 replies (90%) indicated that 85% wore the aid, liked it, and derived benefit from it; 15% neither liked nor wore the aid. The CROS appeared to be most helpful in listening to conversational speech and at work, and most disturbing in a noisy environment. The complaints about the aid fell into major categories: 33% objected to its poor fit and construction and 11% were disturbed by speech distortion. The CROS aid has been a useful addition to the hearing-aid stock at the clinic reported here. It has expanded the program by providing amplification to veterans who could not be fitted with the conventional stock of aids.

Clues from other animals and theoretical considerations

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Anne McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mouse Species ◽  
Primary Male ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
State Of Activity

In the first two papers of this volume, the genetic control of sex determination in Caenorhabditis and Drosophila is reviewed by Hodgkin and by Nöthiger & Steinmarin-Zwicky, respectively. Sex determination in both cases depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, which acts as a signal to a cascade of règulatory genes located either on autosomes or on the X chromosome. The state of activity of the last gene in the sequence determines phenotypic sex. In the third paper, Erickson & Tres describe the structure of the mouse Y chromosome and the polymorphisms that have been detected in different mouse species and strains. As in all mammals, the Y carries the primary male-determining locus; autosomal genes may also be involved in sex determination, but they must act down-stream from the Y-linked locus.

scholarly journals Electroacoustic Comparison of Hearing Aid Output of Phonemes in Running Speech versus Isolation: Implications for Aided Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials Testing

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayalakshmi Easwar ◽  
David W. Purcell ◽  
Susan D. Scollie
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Individual Basis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials

Background. Functioning of nonlinear hearing aids varies with characteristics of input stimuli. In the past decade, aided speech evoked cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) have been proposed for validation of hearing aid fittings. However, unlike in running speech, phonemes presented as stimuli during CAEP testing are preceded by silent intervals of over one second. Hence, the present study aimed to compare if hearing aids process phonemes similarly in running speech and in CAEP testing contexts.Method. A sample of ten hearing aids was used. Overall phoneme level and phoneme onset level of eight phonemes in both contexts were compared at three input levels representing conversational speech levels.Results. Differences of over 3 dB between the two contexts were noted in one-fourth of the observations measuring overall phoneme levels and in one-third of the observations measuring phoneme onset level. In a majority of these differences, output levels of phonemes were higher in the running speech context. These differences varied across hearing aids.Conclusion. Lower output levels in the isolation context may have implications for calibration and estimation of audibility based on CAEPs. The variability across hearing aids observed could make it challenging to predict differences on an individual basis.

scholarly journals The system paradigm revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
János Kornai
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
Politics And Government ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Governmental Form ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
System Paradigm

The term paradigm was introduced to the philosophy of science by Thomas Kuhn — he used this term to denote the specific approach applied by a school of reasearch to examine its subject matter. Researchers using the same paradigm seek answers to similar questions, and employ similar methods and concepts. In an article published in 2000, the author of this essay introduced the term system paradigm, which focuses on the systems functioning in a society. This study develops the theoretical considerations outlined in that earlier article on the basis of experience on post-socialist transition. The first part compares the socialist and capitalist systems, describing their main characteristics, and concludes that the capitalist system has become established in former socialist countries, except for North Korea and Cuba. The second part analyzes varieties of capitalism within a typology which classifies prevailing forms of politics and government. Three markedly different types are identified: democracy, autocracy, and dictatorship. Huntington wrote about the “third wave” of democratization. This study concludes the third wave has dried up: for the 47 post-socialist countries, only a tenth of the population live in democracy, while autocracy or dictatorship prevails in all other countries in this group. The third part of this essay applies the conceptual and analytical apparatus to Hungary, where capitalism exists, and autocracy is the prevailing politico-governmental form — here we can find important characteristics common to other capitalist countries or other autocracies. This finding is compatible with the observation that there are some, less fundamental, characteristics unique to Hungary, or “Hungarica”, which differ from the characteristics of all other countries.1

Predicted Gain and Functional Gain With Transcranial Routing of Signal Completely-in-the-Canal Hearing Aids

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Fagelson ◽  
Colleen M. Noe ◽  
Owen D. Murnane ◽  
Jennifer S. Blevins
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Unilateral Hearing Loss ◽  
External Canal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Acoustic Output ◽  
Functional Gain

Transcranial routing of signal (TCROS) was accomplished using completely-in-the-canal (CIC) hearing aids in 5 profoundly unilaterally hearing-impaired individuals. The functional gain realized by the participants far exceeded the gain predicted by measuring the acoustic output and real ear aided response of the hearing aids. The difference between predicted and functional gain increased with signal frequency and was attributed at least in part to mechanical vibration of the hearing aid in the external canal. Implications for fitting unilateral hearing loss using TCROS amplifying systems are discussed.

Application of ABRS to the Hearing-Aid Selection Process

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Beauchaine ◽  
Michael P. Gorga ◽  
Jan K. Reiland ◽  
Lori L. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Response ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Technical Factors ◽  
Functional Gain

This paper describes preliminary data on the use of click-evoked ABRs in the hearing aid selection process. Four normal-hearing and 4 hearing-impaired subjects were tested with a hearing aid set at three different frequency response settings. Estimates of gain were calculated using shifts in Wave V thresholds, shifts in Wave V latency-level functions, acoustic-reflex measurements, coupler gain measurements, and measurements of functional gain. Results suggest that the click-evoked ABR does not distinguish between differing amounts of low-frequency gain, although reasonable estimates of high-frequency gain appear possible. Also discussed are technical factors that must be considered when using the ABR in the hearing aid evaluation process.

The bone anchored hearing aid—The third option for otosclerosis

1996 ◽  
Vol 110 (21) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Burrell ◽  
H. C. Cooper ◽  
D. W. Proops
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Queen Elizabeth Hospital ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Bone Anchored Hearing Aid ◽  
Experience Difficulty

AbstractThe bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA) has mainly been used for the treatment of hearing loss in patients with congenital conductive problems or chronic suppurative otitis media.In a five-year period, 32 otosclerotic patients have been referred to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for consideration of a BAHA. Ten of these patients have been fitted and gained benefit compared to their previous hearing aid. The benefits are not necessarily those in hearing ability but in some cases relate to cosmetic or comfort improvements. This paper demonstrates that the BAHA offers a third treatment option for otosclerosis in patients who cannot or will not undergo stapedectomy and experience difficulty with conventional hearing aids.

scholarly journals Multiple Approaches to Problem Posing: Theoretical Considerations Regarding its Definition, Conceptualisation, and Implementation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Papadopoulos ◽  
Nafsika Patsiala ◽  
Lukas Baumanns ◽  
Benjamin Rott
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Problem Posing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Mathematical Problem Posing ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Or Modelling

The importance of mathematical problem posing has been acknowledged by many researchers. In this theoretical paper, we want to capture different meanings and aspects of problem posing by approaching it from three different levels: (1) by comparing definitions, (2) by relating it to other constructs, and (3) by referring to research and teaching settings. The first level is an attempt to organise existing definitions of problem posing. The result of this analysis are five categories, which shows that there is no consensus regarding the conceptualisations of problem posing. In the second level, we examine how problem posing is conceived by the research community compared to other mathematical constructs, such as problem solving, mathematical creativity, or modelling. Finally, in the third level, we summarise possible ways of implementing problem posing in research and teaching settings as they are depicted in the relevant literature. Given this broad variance regarding the conceptualisations of problem posing, we attempt to provide some arguments as to whether there is a need for consensus on a commonly accepted concept of problem posing.

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