Longitudinal Studies of Disfluencies in Two-Year-Old Children

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehud Yairi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Speech Sample ◽  
Peak Number ◽  
Testing Period ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Short Episode

Spontaneous speech samples of 500 words were recorded three times at 4-month intervals from 33 normally speaking children. A fourth speech sample was recorded from the 13 youngest children in the group after an additional 4-month interval (one year after the beginning of the study). There were indications in the data that the peak number of speech disfluencies occurred at the later part of age 2' or at the beginning of age 3. Results also showed that there was a continuous reduction in disfluencies for the group as a whole. However, the 13 younger 2-year-olds and the 20 older 2-year-olds exhibited dissimilar developmental trends of disfluency. Large individual differences were observed during the period of the study. Many children showed large fluctuations in the number of disfluencies from one testing period to the next. A short episode of stuttering was observed in one subject. Overall, it appeared that the year between age 2 and 3 is an unstable period in speech development as far as disfluency is concerned.

The Perception of Distances and Spatial Relationships in Natural Outdoor Environments

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5304 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1315-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Farley Norman ◽  
Charles E Crabtree ◽  
Anna Marie Clayton ◽  
Hideko F Norman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Perceptual Distortions ◽  
Base Width

The ability of observers to perceive distances and spatial relationships in outdoor environments was investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1, the observers adjusted triangular configurations to appear equilateral, while in experiment 2, they adjusted the depth of triangles to match their base width. The results of both experiments revealed that there are large individual differences in how observers perceive distances in outdoor settings. The observers' judgments were greatly affected by the particular task they were asked to perform. The observers who had shown no evidence of perceptual distortions in experiment 1 (with binocular vision) demonstrated large perceptual distortions in experiment 2 when the task was changed to match distances in depth to frontal distances perpendicular to the observers' line of sight. Considered as a whole, the results indicate that there is no single relationship between physical and perceived space that is consistent with observers' judgments of distances in ordinary outdoor contexts.

Controlled Exertion of Force by Developmentally Delayed Young Men and Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-497
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Nagasawa ◽  
Shinichi Demura
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Delayed Group ◽  
Movement Function

Present purposes were to examine the characteristics of controlled force exertion in 28 developmentally delayed young people (14 men, 14 women), and sex differences compared to 28 normal young students (14 men, 14 women). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values displayed in a bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The total sum of the differences between the demand value and grip exertion value for 25 sec. was used as an evaluation parameter for the test. The controlled force exertion was significantly poorer for the developmentally delayed group than for controls, and there were large individual differences. The developmentally delayed men scored poorer than women in coordination. Like the controls, the means between trials did not decrease significantly. For these developmentally delayed subjects, performance did not improve after only a few trials. The controlled force-exertion test is useful as a voluntary movement-function test for developmentally delayed subjects.

Kinaesthesis: Its Measurement, Training and Relationship to Motor Control

1983 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Laszlo ◽  
P. J. Bairstow
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Motor Behaviour ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Developmental Trends ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Improved Accuracy

This paper reviews studies which demonstrate the importance of kinaesthesis in the acquisition and performance of motor skills. A method of measuring kinaesthetic sensitivity in children and adults (recently developed) is briefly described. Developmental trends in kinaesthetic perception are discussed and large individual differences found within age groups. It was shown that kinaesthetically undeveloped children can be trained to perceive and memorize kinaesthetic information with greatly improved accuracy. Furthermore perceptual training facilitates the performance of a drawing skill. On the basis of these results an argument is made for the importance of kinaesthesis in skilled motor behaviour.

Operators' Monitoring Patterns and Fault Recovery in the Supervisory Control of a Semi-Automatic Process

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (15) ◽  
pp. 1143-1147
Author(s):  
John D. Lee ◽  
Neville Moray
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Supervisory Control ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
Integrate Control ◽  
And Control

Although technological innovations have changed the role of operators from active participants to supervisors of semiautomatic processes, an understanding of the cognitive demands of supervisory control has not kept pace. In particular, little is known about when, and how well, operators might intervene and switch control from automatic to manual. This research addresses this issue by monitoring the information use and control actions of operators of a simulated semiautomatic pasteurization plant. The results of this experiment shows that individual differences in operators” monitoring patterns during the normal operation of the plant correspond to differences in their ability to mitigate the effects of faults. Specifically, an operator who controls the plant well during both normal and fault conditions tends to observe the plant frequently, integrating control actions with other control actions, and does not fixate on narrow sub-systems of the plant. On the other hand, an operator who performs poorly when exposed to faults tends to observe the plant less often, fails to integrate control actions, and fixates attention on a narrow subset of plant variables. Although all operators interacted with the plant using the same interface and automation, large individual differences in the operators” monitoring patterns, and the associated differences in performance suggest that individuals” attitudes, motivation, and training may play a critical role in the successful implementation of automation.

Perception of Slope and Distance in Photographs and in the Real World

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Davies ◽  
J Howes ◽  
J Huber ◽  
J Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Real World ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
The Real ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Natural Slopes

We report a series of experiments in which spatial judgments of the real world were compared with equivalent judgments of photographs of the real-world scenes. In experiment 1, subjects judged the angle from the horizontal of natural slopes. Judgments of slope correlated with true slope (r=0.88) but judgments were in general overestimates. Equivalent judgments of slope in photographs again correlated with true slope (r=0.91) but judgments tended to be overestimates for small angles (6°) and underestimates for larger angles (up to 25°). In experiment 2 slope judgments were made under laboratory conditions rather than in the natural world. The slopes, which were viewed monocularly, varied from 5° – 45°, and were either plain, or textured, or included perspective information (a rectangle drawn on the surface) or had both texture and perspective. Judgments were overestimates, but the correlation with true slope was high (r=0.97). Slopes with either texture or perspective were judged more accurately than plain slopes, but combining texture and perspective information conferred no further benefit. Judgment of the angle of the same slopes in photographs produced similar results, but the degree of overestimation (closer to the vertical) was greater than for the real slopes. In experiment 3, subjects either judged the distance of landmarks ranging from 200 m to 5000 m from the observation point, or judged distance to the landmarks in photographs. In both cases subjects' judgments were well described by a power function with exponents close to one. Although there are large individual differences, subjects' judgments of slope and distance are accurate to a scale factor, and photographs yield similar judgments to real scenes.

Incubation of eggs of three species of Chelid tortoises, and notes on their embryological development

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Goode ◽  
J Russell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Chelodina Longicollis

Incubation periods and nest contents of three species of chelid tortoises in northern Victoria were recorded. Mean incubation period for eggs of Emydura macquari (Cuvier) was 75 days and average number of eggs per nest was 15.7; for Chelodina longicollis (Shaw), 138 days and 10.7 eggs per nest; for Chelodina expansa Gray, normally exceeding 324 days and 15.4 eggs per nest. In abnormal seasons C. expansa hatchlings may emerge from the nest in less than 193 days or more than 522 days after eggs were deposited. Eggs artificially incubated at 30�C consistently develop more quickly than those at lower temperatures under natural conditions. In the field nest temperatures closely approximate the mean daily air temperature. Embryos of C. expansa are tolerant to nest temperatures ranging from 4.9�C minimum to 29.6�C maximum. The other species are subject to variations of about 15 degC with up to 8.5 degC variation being recorded in 1 day. Development of early embryos approximated that recorded for cryptodire tortoises. However, there are large individual differences in the period of incubation needed for specific stages to be reached, especially between embryos of the short-necked and long-necked species of these pleurodire tortoises. It is suggested that differences in the anatomy of their eggs are the main factors in the different incubation periods between short-necked and long-necked species.

Distal similarity, shape referents, subjective world, and redundancy

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-470
Author(s):  
Hannes Eisler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Subjective Space

The concept of distal similarity that plays a crucial role in Edelman's theory of representation is called into question in this commentary on theoretical as well as empirical grounds. A possible confusion between shape and (knowledge of) its referent, the problem of the subjective world, redundancy, and large individual differences in subjective space encountered in contrived universes are discussed.

scholarly journals Conducta de sexting en adolescentes: predictores de personalidad y consecuencias psicosociales en un año de seguimiento

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Alonso ◽  
Estrella Romero
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
One Year

La relación entre el sexting y la personalidad en los adolescentes ha sido escasamente investigada. Además, es notoria la escasez de estudios longitudinales que aborden los predictores y consecuencias del sexting. Este estudio analiza los datos de 624 adolescentes que fueron evaluados en dos ocasiones (T1 y T2) distanciadas por un período de un año, y a los que se administraron cuestionarios para medir el sexting, los rasgos de personalidad del modelo de cinco factores (MCF), y posibles consecuencias psicosociales del sexting (acoso/ciberacoso, bienestar emocional). Los resultados indican que mayor extraversión y menor amabilidad y responsabilidad (T1) se relacionan con sexting (T2). El estudio permite también identificar qué facetas específicas de personalidad (T1) se asocian con el sexting registrado en T2. Además, los análisis de regresión muestran que la extraversión predice aumentos en sexting entre T1 y T2. En cuanto a las consecuencias, una alta implicación en sexting T1 predice descensos en la victimización y en las emociones positivas experimentadas entre T1 y T2. Por tanto, este estudio muestra que la personalidad permite predecir los cambios en sexting a lo largo de la adolescencia; el sexting, a su vez, parece asociarse a consecuencias psicosociales relevantes en este período del desarrollo. The relationships between personality and sexting have been scarcely studied. In addition, the scarcity of longitudinal studies about predictors and consequences of sexting is notorious. This study analyzed the longitudinal data from 624 adolescents who were evaluated on two occasions (T1 and T2) separated by a period of one year, and to whom questionnaires were administered to measure sexting, the personality traits of the five factor model (FFM), as well as possible psychosocial consequences of sexting. The results indicate that high extraversion and low agreeableness and conscientiousness (T1) are related to sexting (T2). In addition, the study also allows us to identify which specific facets of personality (T1) are associated with sexting registered in T2. On the other hand, regression analyses indicate that extraversion predicts increases in sexting between T1 and T2. As for the outcomes of sexting, a high involvement in sexting T1 predicts decreases in victimization and in the positive emotions experienced between T1 and T2. Therefore, this study shows that personality allows for prediction of changes in sexting throughout adolescence; sexting, in turn, seems to be associated with relevant psychosocial consequences in this developmental period.

scholarly journals MINERAL-DEFICIENT DIETS AND THE PIG'S ATTRACTION TO BLOOD: IMPLICATIONS FOR TAIL-BITING

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Tail Biting

In two experiments, individually penned growing pigs were exposed daily to two "tail models" (lengths of cotton cord about the size of a pig's tail), one of which had been impregnated with pigs' blood. When fed a balanced "control" diet, the pigs chewed significantly more on the blood-covered model than on the plain one, but with large individual differences between animals. Four weeks of receiving a diet lacking all mineral supplements (iodized salt, dicalcium phosphate, limestone, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium) caused a pronounced increase in chewing the blood-covered model, and 4 wk of recovery on the control diet reduced, but did not completely eliminate, the enhanced attraction to blood. In a second experiment, a similar heightened response to blood was produced by omitting only iodized salt from the diet, whereas omission of all other mineral supplements led to a much smaller and statistically non-significant change. Although the causes of tail-biting are undoubtedly complex, the results suggest that heightened appetite for salt could make pigs particularly attracted to pen-mates with injured tails. Key words: Pigs, tail-biting, abnormal behavior, salt, sodium, mineral deficiency

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