Disfluencies of Normally Speaking Two-Year-Old Children

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehud Yairi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Verbal Output

The spontaneous verbal output of 33 2-year-old children was analyzed to identify disfluencies. The results showed large individual variability and no significant sex differences. A substantial number of children were disfluent only infrequently. Certain disfluency types not reported in previous studies of 2-year-olds were exhibited by the children. The most prominent disfluency element was repetition of short segments, one syllable or less.

scholarly journals Interannual comparison of core taxa and community composition of the blow microbiota from East Australian humpback whales

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Vendl ◽  
B C Ferrari ◽  
T Thomas ◽  
E Slavich ◽  
E Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Transient Nature

ABSTRACT Cetacean represent vulnerable species impacted by multiple stressors, including reduction in prey species, habitat destruction, whaling and infectious disease. The composition of blow microbiota has been claimed to provide a promising tool for non-invasive health monitoring aiming to inform conservation management. Still, little is known about the temporal stability and composition of blow microbiota in whales. We used East Australian humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) as a model species and collected blow and control samples in August 2016 and 2017 for an interannual comparison. We analysed the blow by barcode tag sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. We found that the microbial communities in 2016 and 2017 were statistically similar regarding alpha and beta diversity but distinct to seawater. Zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) shared by both groups accounted for about 50% of all zOTUs present. Still, the large individual variability in the blow microbiota resulted in a small number of core taxa (defined as present in at least 60% of whales). We conclude that the blow microbiota of humpback whales is either generally limited and of transient nature or the reduced airway microbiota is the symptom of a compromised physiological state potentially due to the challenges of the whales‘ annual migration.

Controlled Exertion of Force by Developmentally Delayed Young Men and Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-497
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Nagasawa ◽  
Shinichi Demura
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Delayed Group ◽  
Movement Function

Present purposes were to examine the characteristics of controlled force exertion in 28 developmentally delayed young people (14 men, 14 women), and sex differences compared to 28 normal young students (14 men, 14 women). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values displayed in a bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The total sum of the differences between the demand value and grip exertion value for 25 sec. was used as an evaluation parameter for the test. The controlled force exertion was significantly poorer for the developmentally delayed group than for controls, and there were large individual differences. The developmentally delayed men scored poorer than women in coordination. Like the controls, the means between trials did not decrease significantly. For these developmentally delayed subjects, performance did not improve after only a few trials. The controlled force-exertion test is useful as a voluntary movement-function test for developmentally delayed subjects.

scholarly journals A decision-time account of individual variability in context-dependent orientation estimation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Dekel ◽  
Dov Sagi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Perceptual Bias ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
List Type ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractFollowing exposure to an oriented stimulus, the perceived orientation is slightly shifted, a phenomenon termed the tilt aftereffect (TAE). This estimation bias, as well as other context-dependent biases, is speculated to reflect statistical mechanisms of inference that optimize visual processing. Importantly, although measured biases are extremely robust in the population, the magnitude of individual bias can be extremely variable. For example, measuring different individuals may result in TAE magnitudes that differ by a factor of 5. Such findings appear to challenge the accounts of bias in terms of learned statistics: is inference so different across individuals? Here, we found that a strong correlation exists between reaction time and TAE, with slower individuals having much less TAE. In the tilt illusion, the spatial analogue of the TAE, we found a similar, though weaker, correlation. These findings can be explained by a theory predicting that bias, caused by a change in the initial conditions of evidence accumulation (e.g., prior), decreases with decision time (Dekel & Sagi, 2019b). We contend that the context-dependence of visual processing is more homogeneous in the population than was previously thought, with the measured variability of perceptual bias explained, at least in part, by the flexibility of decision-making. Homogeneity in processing might reflect the similarity of the learned statistics.HighlightsThe tilt aftereffect (TAE) exhibits large individual differences.Reduced TAE magnitudes are found in slower individuals.Reduced TAE in slower decisions can be explained by the reduced influence of prior.Therefore, individual variability can reflect decision making flexibility.

scholarly journals Predicting Speech Recognition Using the Speech Intelligibility Index and Other Variables for Cochlear Implant Users

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1517-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungmin Lee ◽  
Lisa Lucks Mendel ◽  
Gavin M. Bidelman
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Speech Intelligibility Index ◽  
Speech Performance

Purpose Although the speech intelligibility index (SII) has been widely applied in the field of audiology and other related areas, application of this metric to cochlear implants (CIs) has yet to be investigated. In this study, SIIs for CI users were calculated to investigate whether the SII could be an effective tool for predicting speech perception performance in a population with CI. Method Fifteen pre- and postlingually deafened adults with CI participated. Speech recognition scores were measured using the AzBio sentence lists. CI users also completed questionnaires and performed psychoacoustic (spectral and temporal resolution) and cognitive function (digit span) tests. Obtained SIIs were compared with predicted SIIs using a transfer function curve. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted on perceptual and demographic predictor variables to investigate the association between these factors and speech perception performance. Result Because of the considerably poor hearing and large individual variability in performance, the SII did not predict speech performance for this CI group using the traditional calculation. However, new SII models were developed incorporating predictive factors, which improved the accuracy of SII predictions in listeners with CI. Conclusion Conventional SII models are not appropriate for predicting speech perception scores for CI users. Demographic variables (aided audibility and duration of deafness) and perceptual–cognitive skills (gap detection and auditory digit span outcomes) are needed to improve the use of the SII for listeners with CI. Future studies are needed to improve our CI-corrected SII model by considering additional predictive factors. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8057003

Estimation of human susceptibility to the high-pressure nervous syndrome

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Rostain ◽  
C. Lemaire ◽  
M. C. Gardette-Chauffour ◽  
J. Doucet ◽  
R. Naquet
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Theta Activity ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Psychometric Tests ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Eeg Changes ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Twenty-four professional divers were put through a series of electroencephalographic (EEG) and psychometric tests at the surface and at 180 m after a fast compression (15 min) in an attempt to determine their susceptibility to high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS). The subjects were classified according to the EEG changes between the surface and 180 m: group 0, less than 10% increase in theta-band activity in the anterior region of the scalp; group 1, between 10 and 100% increase in theta-activity; group 2, theta-activity increase above 100%. Eight subjects were selected to make a dive to 450 m to verify the quality of our classification (3 from group 0, 3 from group 1, 2 from group 2). The results showed that, for the psychometric tests, the large individual variability between the surface and 180 m does not allow us to prejudge the behavior of each subject at 450 m, but the classification established from absolute values is stable from the surface to 450 m. For the EEG activities, intensity of the modifications at 450 m can be predicted at group level by a 180-m dive, performed with fast compression and similar breathing mixtures.

scholarly journals Modification of blood serum DSC profiles by sauna treatments in cross-country skiers during the exercise cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 1927-1932
Author(s):  
Klaudia Duch ◽  
Anna Michnik ◽  
Ilona Pokora ◽  
Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Cross Country

AbstractThe study has evaluated the effect of sauna treatments on the blood serum of professional cross-country skiers (3 women and 6 men) during two exercise sessions: the first without any treatments and the second after ten sauna treatments. Aqueous solutions of serum samples from the blood of athletes collected in four stages in both exercise sessions: at rest, after exercise, after 1 h and 24 h rest and additionally only at rest after the first sauna treatment, were measured by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC results allowed to register characteristic post-exercise changes in the profile of thermal denaturation transition of serum. A trend of these changes was similar regardless of the use of sauna, but their intensity was stronger in the exercise session after the sauna treatments. In particular, the differences relating to the use of sauna have revealed in the higher temperature range of serum denaturation transition. Regarding the recovery process after exercises, a large individual variability was observed in both sessions.

Pharmacogenetic Assessment of Toxicity and Outcome After Platinum Plus Taxane Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: The Scottish Randomised Trial in Ovarian Cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (29) ◽  
pp. 4528-4535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Marsh ◽  
Jim Paul ◽  
Cristi R. King ◽  
Gillian Gifford ◽  
Howard L. McLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Advanced Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Platinum Agent ◽  
Taxane Chemotherapy

Purpose Standard therapy for advanced ovarian cancer consists of a platinum agent in combination with a taxane, which has a 5-year survival rate of approximately 45%. The large individual variability for ovarian cancer patients in both outcome and toxicity risk from chemotherapy makes the identification of pharmacogenetic markers that can be used to screen patients before therapy selection an attractive prospect. Patients and Methods We assessed 27 selected polymorphisms based on previously described associations or putative functional effects in 16 key genes from pathways that may influence cellular sensitivity to taxanes (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2, CDKN1A, CYP1B1, CYP2C8, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, MAPT, and TP53) and platinum (ABCC2, ABCG2, ERCC1, ERCC2, GSTP1, MPO, and XRCC1) using polymerase chain reaction and Pyrosequencing in 914 ovarian cancer patients from the Scottish Randomised Trial in Ovarian Cancer phase III trial who were treated at presentation with carboplatin and taxane regimens after cytoreductive surgery. Results No reproducible significant associations between genotype and outcome or toxicity were found for any of the genes analyzed. Previously reported genotype associations could not be replicated in this large study of a well-defined patient population within one specific clinical trial. Conclusion There are no clear candidates for taxane/platinum pharmacogenetic markers. This study highlights the need for validation of putative genetic markers in large, well-defined clinical sample sets.

Individual variability and sex differences in conditioned pain modulation and the impact of resilience, and conditioning stimulus pain unpleasantness and salience

Pain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Firouzian ◽  
Natalie R. Osborne ◽  
Joshua C. Cheng ◽  
Junseok A. Kim ◽  
Rachael L. Bosma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Conditioning Stimulus ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Conditioned Pain Modulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pain Unpleasantness

Water Balance and Salt Losses in Competitive Football

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Maughan ◽  
Phillip Watson ◽  
Gethin H. Evans ◽  
Nicholas Broad ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs
Keyword(s):  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Fluid balance and sweat electrolyte losses were measured in the players and substitutes engaged in an English Premier League Reserve competitive football match played at an ambient temperature of 6–8 °C (relative humidity 50–60%). Intake of water and/or sports drink and urine output were recorded, and sweat composition was estimated from absorbent swabs applied to 4 skin sites for the duration of the game. Body mass was recorded before and after the game. Data were obtained for 22 players (age 21 y, height 180 cm, mass 78 kg) and 9 substitutes (17 y, 181 cm, 72 kg). All were male. Two of the players were dismissed during the game, and none of the substitutes played any part in the game. Mean ± SD sweat loss of players amounted to 1.68 ± 0.40 L, and mean fluid intake was 0.84 ± 0.47 L (n = 20), with no difference between teams. Corresponding values for substitutes, none of whom played in the match, were 0.40 ± 0.24 L and 0.78 ± 0.46 L (n = 9). Prematch urine osmolality was 678 ± 344 mOsm/kg: 11 of the 31 players provided samples with an osmolality of more than 900 mOsm/kg. Sweat sodium concentration was 62 ± 13 mmol/L, and total sweat sodium loss during the game was 2.4 ± 0.8 g. These descriptive data show a large individual variability in hydration status, sweat losses, and drinking behaviors in a competitive football match played in a cool environment, highlighting the need for individualized assessment of hydration status to optimize fluid-replacement strategies.

The Golden Section and the Aesthetics of Form and Composition: A Cognitive Model

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. McManus ◽  
P. Weatherby
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Preference Functions ◽  
Geometric Objects

Previous work on the aesthetics of simple figures such as rectangles and triangles, as well as on the aesthetics of color, suggests that although there are clear population level preferences, there are also large individual differences which are temporally stable, and which any adequate theoretical analysis must take into account. Data presented here show similar phenomena in a related problem in composition—where to place an object within the frame of a picture to produce the optimal aesthetic effect. A novel and powerful “method of randomized paired comparisons” first showed that there are overall population level preferences, with objects being placed preferentially at the two golden sections horizontally, and between the two golden sections vertically. As in the studies of simple figures and colors, there are large individual differences. A cognitive model of “sensory aesthetics” is proposed in which continua of any type (space, geometric objects, colors, or whatever), are described categorically, usually in terms of words such as “square,” “rectangle,” “line,” etc., each of which is a fuzzy set. Preference functions are then derived from the union and intersection of the fuzzy set functions, which differ between individuals as their categories differ or as they prefer objects which are prototypical, or are at the boundaries between prototypes. There is therefore wide inter-individual variability.

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