Acoustic-Reflex Response to Sustained Signals

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Wiley ◽  
Raymond S. Karlovich
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Reflex Activity ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Band Noise

Acoustic-reflex activity was observed for 10 normal-hearing young adults using three sustained activating signals: 500-Hz tone, 4000-Hz tone, and broad-band noise. Reflex activity was observed over a period of three to five minutes at activator levels of 5, 10, and 15 dB above individual acoustic-reflex thresholds. General findings were that (1) acoustic-reflex adaptation was present to some degree for all three activating signals, (2) the amount of reflex adaptation varied with the spectrum of activating signals (reflex adaptation was greatest for the 4000-Hz activator, less for the noise activator, and least for the 500-Hz activating signal), (3) the rate of reflex adaptation differed with activator spectrum (reflex-adaptation rate was relatively rapid for the 4000-Hz activator, slower for noise, and much slower for the 500-Hz activating signal), and (4) reflex adaptation did not appear to vary systematically with activating-signal level except for the 500-Hz activator, in which case reflex adaptation appeared to begin earlier in time and to be of greater magnitude as the activating-signal level was increased.

The Prediction of Hearing Loss in Persons With Cerebral Palsy Using Contralateral Acoustic Reflex Threshold for Broad-Band Noise

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Michele B. Emmer ◽  
Shlomo Silman
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Reflex Threshold ◽  
Acoustic Reflex Threshold

The utility of R. Keith’s (1977) method of screening for hearing sensitivity using the contralateral acoustic-reflex threshold (ART) for broad-band noise (BBN) was tested in persons with cerebral palsy (CP). Three groups of participants were included in this prospective study. The first group comprised 20 normal-hearing individuals without CP whose results were used as normative data. The second group comprised 16 participants with normal hearing and CP. The third group comprised 22 participants with sensorineural hearing loss and CP. The results of this study indicate that Keith’s screening method employing ART for BBN can be used successfully in a population with multiple handicaps where a quick, inexpensive, readily available, and accurate method is needed.

Spectral and Temporal Parameters of Contralateral Signals Altering Temporary Threshold Shift

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond S. Karlovich ◽  
Terry L. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Contralateral Stimulation ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Contralateral Ear

The test ear of each of nine normal-hearing subjects was exposed for three minutes to a 1000-Hz tone at 110 dB SPL. Either a 4000-Hz tone at 105 dB SPL or a broad-band noise at 100 dB SPL was presented to the contralateral ear during exposure. Four different temporal patterns were used for each contralateral signal: (1) continuous, (2) 18 seconds on/18 seconds off, (3) 1.8 seconds on/1.8 seconds off, and (4) 0.18 seconds on/0.18 seconds off. A control condition, consisting of the absence of contralateral stimulation, also was used. Pre- and postexposure thresholds for the test ear were tracked at a signal one-half octave above the exposure frequency. Resultant data indicated that reduction in temporary threshold shift was greatest for conditions involving rapidly pulsed (1.8 and 0.18 seconds on-off) contralateral signals. We hypothesized that these data were reflective of the dynamic properties of the acoustic reflex. Specifically, we posited that the acoustic reflex manifests less adaptation in response to rapid signal-repetition rates and relatively more adaptation to sustained or slowly pulsed signals.

Acoustic-Reflex Dynamics for Pulsed Signals

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
Terry L. Wiley ◽  
Raymond S. Karlovich
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Acoustic Impedance ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Stapedius Muscle ◽  
Duty Cycles

Contralateral acoustic-reflex measurements were taken for 10 normal-hearing subjects using a pulsed broadband noise as the reflex-activating signal. Acoustic impedance was measured at selected times during the on (response maximum) and off (response minimum) portions of the pulsed activator over a 2-min interval as a function of activator period and duty cycle. Major findings were that response maxima increased as a function of time for longer duty cycles and that response minima increased as a function of time for all duty cycles. It is hypothesized that these findings are attributable to the recovery characteristics of the stapedius muscle. An explanation of portions of the results from previous temporary threshold shift experiments on the basis of acoustic-reflex dynamics is proposed.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to Residual Inhibition Is Associated With Hearing Loss and Tinnitus Chronicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 233121652098630
Author(s):  
S. Hu ◽  
L. Anschuetz ◽  
D. A. Hall ◽  
M. Caversaccio ◽  
W. Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Comparator Group ◽  
Residual Inhibition ◽  
Subject Comparison

Residual inhibition, that is, the temporary suppression of tinnitus loudness after acoustic stimulation, is a frequently observed phenomenon that may have prognostic value for clinical applications. However, it is unclear in which subjects residual inhibition is more likely and how stable the effect of inhibition is over multiple repetitions. The primary aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of hearing loss and tinnitus chronicity on residual inhibition susceptibility. The secondary aim was to investigate the short-term repeatability of residual inhibition. Residual inhibition was assessed in 74 tinnitus subjects with 60-second narrow-band noise stimuli in 10 consecutive trials. The subjects were assigned to groups according to their depth of suppression (substantial residual inhibition vs. comparator group). In addition, a categorization in normal hearing and hearing loss groups, related to the degree of hearing loss at the frequency corresponding to the tinnitus pitch, was made. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with susceptibility to residual inhibition. Repeatability of residual inhibition was assessed using mixed-effects ordinal regression including poststimulus time and repetitions as factors. Tinnitus chronicity was not associated with residual inhibition for subjects with hearing loss, while a statistically significant negative association between tinnitus chronicity and residual inhibition susceptibility was observed in normal hearing subjects (odds ratio: 0.63; p = .0076). Moreover, repeated states of suppression can be stably induced, reinforcing the use of residual inhibition for within-subject comparison studies.

scholarly journals Searching for energy-resolved quasi-periodic oscillations in AGN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic I Ashton ◽  
Matthew J Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Spectral Component ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Periodic Oscillations ◽  
Single Observation ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Multiple Observations ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
The Impact

Abstract X-ray quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in AGN allow us to probe and understand the nature of accretion in highly curved space-time, yet the most robust form of detection (i.e. repeat detections over multiple observations) has been limited to a single source to-date, with only tentative claims of single observation detections in several others. The association of those established AGN QPOs with a specific spectral component has motivated us to search the XMM-Newton archive and analyse the energy-resolved lightcurves of 38 bright AGN. We apply a conservative false alarm testing routine folding in the uncertainty and covariance of the underlying broad-band noise. We also explore the impact of red-noise leak and the assumption of various different forms (power-law, broken power-law and lorentzians) for the underlying broad-band noise. In this initial study, we report QPO candidates in 6 AGN (7 including one tentative detection in MRK 766) from our sample of 38, which tend to be found at characteristic energies and, in four cases, at the same frequency across at least two observations, indicating they are highly unlikely to be spurious in nature.

The Effect of Learning Modality and Auditory Feedback on Word Memory: Cochlear-Implanted versus Normal-Hearing Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 222-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riki Taitelbaum-Swead ◽  
Michal Icht ◽  
Yaniv Mama
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Silent Reading ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
No Production ◽  
Vocal Production ◽  
Word Memory ◽  
Open Set

AbstractIn recent years, the effect of cognitive abilities on the achievements of cochlear implant (CI) users has been evaluated. Some studies have suggested that gaps between CI users and normal-hearing (NH) peers in cognitive tasks are modality specific, and occur only in auditory tasks.The present study focused on the effect of learning modality (auditory, visual) and auditory feedback on word memory in young adults who were prelingually deafened and received CIs before the age of 5 yr, and their NH peers.A production effect (PE) paradigm was used, in which participants learned familiar study words by vocal production (saying aloud) or by no-production (silent reading or listening). Words were presented (1) in the visual modality (written) and (2) in the auditory modality (heard). CI users performed the visual condition twice—once with the implant ON and once with it OFF. All conditions were followed by free recall tests.Twelve young adults, long-term CI users, implanted between ages 1.7 and 4.5 yr, and who showed ≥50% in monosyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant open-set test with their implants were enrolled. A group of 14 age-matched NH young adults served as the comparison group.For each condition, we calculated the proportion of study words recalled. Mixed-measures analysis of variances were carried out with group (NH, CI) as a between-subjects variable, and learning condition (aloud or silent reading) as a within-subject variable. Following this, paired sample t tests were used to evaluate the PE size (differences between aloud and silent words) and overall recall ratios (aloud and silent words combined) in each of the learning conditions.With visual word presentation, young adults with CIs (regardless of implant status CI-ON or CI-OFF), showed comparable memory performance (and a similar PE) to NH peers. However, with auditory presentation, young adults with CIs showed poorer memory for nonproduced words (hence a larger PE) relative to their NH peers.The results support the construct that young adults with CIs will benefit more from learning via the visual modality (reading), rather than the auditory modality (listening). Importantly, vocal production can largely improve auditory word memory, especially for the CI group.

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