Some Effects of Noise on the Speaking Behavior of Stutterers

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Conture
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Frequency Reading ◽  
High Pass ◽  
Different Levels

The purpose of the present research was to determine the influence of the loudness and spectrum of noise stimuli on stuttering frequency, reading rate, and vocal level. During each of six noise conditions and one non-noise condition, nine stutterers continuously read aloud prose passages during four successive five-minute periods. Low-pass (500-Hz cutoff frequency), high-pass (500-Hz cutoff frequency), and broad-band noise, psychophysically equated for loudness at two different levels, was presented during the third period of the six noise conditions. Stuttering frequency, reading rate, and vocal level were measured for the second and third periods of all conditions. The stutterers increased their vocal level while decreasing their stuttering frequency as a result of the loudness rather than the frequency spectrum of the noise. Reading rate was not significantly influenced by changes in the loudness or frequency spectrum of the noise. These results do not support the findings of others that low-pass noise decreases stuttering more than does high-pass noise.

Interactive Effects of High-Pass Filtering and Masking Noise on Word Recognition

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saravanan Elangovan ◽  
Andrew Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
High Pass

Objectives: This study sought to examine the word recognition performance in noise of individuals with a simulated low-frequency hearing loss. The goal was to understand how low-frequency hearing impairment affects performance on tasks that challenge temporal processing skills. Methods: Twenty-two normal-hearing young adults participated. Monosyllabic words were presented in continuous and interrupted noise at 3 signal-to-noise ratios of −10, 0, and +10 dB. High-pass filtering of the stimuli at 3 different cutoff frequencies (ie, 1,000, 1,250, and 1,500 Hz) simulated the low-frequency hearing impairment. Results: In general, performance decreased with increasing cutoff frequency, was higher for more favorable signal-to-noise ratios, and was superior in the interrupted condition relative to the continuous noise condition. One important revelation was that the magnitude of the performance superiority observed in the interrupted noise condition did not diminish with high-pass filtering; ie, the release from masking in interrupted noise was preserved. Conclusions: The results of the present study complement previous findings in which this paradigm was used with low-pass filtering to simulate a high-frequency hearing loss. That is to say, low-frequency hearing channels are inherently poorer than high-frequency channels in temporal resolution.

Building a perfomance protocol of a low cost seismograph

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markos Avlonitis ◽  
Spiridon Krokidis ◽  
Ioannis Vlachos ◽  
Vasileios Karakostas ◽  
Anastasios Kostoglou
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Development Fund ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
Low Pass

<p>The low cost seismograph under study consists of low cost open source hardware and software microprocessor boards (Arduino Uno R3  and Raspberry Pi 3 B+ ), customized low noise design signal amplifiers, low power dissipation sophisticated power supply, two (2) kinds of earth ground shaking sensors a) Ceramic Accelerometer with cutoff frequency fc=0.15Hz and b) moving coil geophone with cutoff frequency fc=4.5Hz. The signals from the two sensors are amplified independently, while an active second order low-pass anti-alias filter and an 8th order active low-pass anti-alias filter have been used. Finally, a low-cost microprocessor board is responsible for digitizing the analog data from the amplified signal of the sensors with a frequency sampling rate of 345Hz. The aim of the present work is to design and test a systemic protocol in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed low cost seismograph for monitoring local to regional seismicity and micro seismicity. The proposed low-cost system was installed in an area of high seismic activity (Lefkada Island – Village Evgiros) and the recordings are transmitted to the database continuously from the day of its installation up today. Thus have create an amount of data for more than 280 days and all of those data have been stored to our database. Collocated with a high resolution 24 bits digitizer equipped with a broad band seismometer give us the opportunity to compare the recordings. To this end, a testing list of 15 local events has been created with different epicenters and magnitudes. For each event the recording signals have been analyzed in terms of a) power spectrum analysis, b) estimation of first arrival times of both P and S waves, c) signal amplitudes and d) earthquake duration. The choice of those specific measures was done in order to evaluate the performance of the low-cost seismograph in terms of certain seismic parameters such as magnitude, epicenter and source properties. Initial results in terms of the proposed protocol are also presented showing an adequate performance of the propose low cost seismograph.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:<br></strong>low-cost instruments, Ionian islands, performance protocol</p><p><strong>Acknowledgements<br></strong>«Telemachus – Innovative Seismic Risk Management Operational System of the Ionian Islands» which is part of the Operational Program «Ionian Islands 2014-2020» and is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (National Strategic Reference Framework - NSRF 2014-20).</p>

scholarly journals A High Value, Linear and Tunable CMOS Pseudo-Resistor for Biomedical Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (06) ◽  
pp. 1950096 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nagulapalli ◽  
K. Hayatleh ◽  
S. Barker ◽  
P. Georgiou ◽  
F. J. Lidgey
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Na Current ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Temperature Drift ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Low Distortion ◽  
High Pass ◽  
Very High

A subthreshold MOS-based pseudo-resistor featuring a very high value and ultra-low distortion is proposed. A bandpass neural amplifier with a very low high-pass cutoff frequency is designed, to demonstrate the linearity of the proposed resistor. A BJT less CTAT current generator has been introduced to minimize the temperature drift of the resistor and make tuning easier. The standalone resistor has achieved 0.5% better linearity and a 12% improved temperature coefficient over the existing architectures. A neural amplifier has been designed with the proposed resistor as a feedback element. It demonstrated 31[Formula: see text]dB mid-band gain and a low-pass cutoff frequency of 0.85[Formula: see text]Hz. The circuit operates from a 1[Formula: see text]V supply and draws 950[Formula: see text]nA current at room temperature.

scholarly journals Active Filter Analysis on Designing Electronic Stethoscope

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Prihatin Oktivasari ◽  
Riandini Riandini ◽  
Rahmah A. Fitri ◽  
Sungguh I. Malaon
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Order ◽  
Heart Sound ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Electronic Stethoscope ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
High Pass

Early heart disease detection could be vital and some other diagnostic ways are being developed. In this paper, a lowcost tool for a diagnostic that analyzes the digitized heartbeat sound is given. This can be used to detect heart anomalies. The instrument shows the heart sound and also keeps a patient's long-term record for future use. The signal from the heart provides a lot of knowledge about the heart and offers an initial diagnosis recommendation. The electronic stethoscope uses the condenser microphone, preamplifier circuit, and filter circuit. The optimum filter is Butterworth with a fourth-order Sallen key low pass filter topology with a gain of 0.707 volts, -3.01 dB, and a fourth-order high pass filter with a gain of 0.782 volts, -2.137 dB. The frequency of the heart sound is about 20 Hz – 120 Hz in general. Therefore, the lower cutoff frequency of the filter is set to 20 Hz, while the higher cutoff frequency set to 120 Hz. The evaluation used to measure the performance of an electronic stethoscope is to compare with a conventional stethoscope, the recorded sound is the same.

Spectral Contributions to the Benefit From Spatial Separation of Speech and Noise

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1297-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy R. Dubno ◽  
Jayne B. Ahlstrom ◽  
Amy R. Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Interaural Level Differences ◽  
High Pass

Speech recognition in noise improves when speech and noise sources are separated in space. This benefit has two components whose effects are strongest in different frequency regions: (1) interaural level differences (e.g., head shadow), which are largest at higher frequencies, and (2) interaural time differences, which have their greatest contribution at lower frequencies. Binaural interactions enhance the separation of signals from noise through the use of these interaural differences. Here, the benefit attributable to spatial separation was measured as a function of the low- and high-pass cutoff frequency of speech and noise. Listeners were younger adults with normal hearing, older adults with normal hearing, and older adults with hearing loss. Binaural thresholds for narrowband noises were measured in quiet and in a speech-shaped masker as a function of masker low-pass cutoff frequency. Speech levels corresponding to 50% correct recognition of sentences from the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) were measured in a 65-dB SPL speech-shaped noise. Thresholds for narrowband noises and for speech were measured with two loudspeaker configurations: (1) signals and speech-shaped noise at 0° azimuth (in front of the listener) and (2) signals at 0° azimuth and speech-shaped noise at 90° azimuth (at the listener's side). The criterion measure was spatial separation benefit, or the difference in thresholds for the two conditions. Benefit of spatial separation for unfiltered speech averaged 6.1 dB for younger listeners with normal hearing, 4.9 dB for older listeners with normal hearing, and 2.7 dB for older listeners with hearing loss. Benefit was differentially affected by low-pass and high-pass filtering, suggesting a trade-off of the contributions of higher frequency interaural level differences and lower frequency interaural timing cues. As expected, older listeners with hearing loss benefited little from the improved signal-to-noise ratios in the higher frequencies resulting from head shadow, but showed some benefit from lower frequency cues. Spatial benefit for older listeners with normal hearing was reduced relative to benefit for younger listeners. This result may be related to older listeners' elevated thresholds at frequencies above 6.0 kHz.

Trombone Transfer Functions: Comparison Between Frequency-Swept Sine Wave and Human Performer Input

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-454
Author(s):  
James W. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Nonlinear Propagation ◽  
Linear Filter ◽  
Wave System ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Filter Characteristic ◽  
High Pass

Abstract Source/filter models have frequently been used to model sound production of the vocal apparatus and musical instruments. Beginning in 1968, in an effort to measure the transfer function (i.e., transmission response or filter characteristic) of a trombone while being played by expert musicians, sound pressure signals from the mouthpiece and the trombone bell output were recorded in an anechoic room and then subjected to harmonic spectrum analysis. Output/input ratios of the signals’ harmonic amplitudes plotted vs. harmonic frequency then became points on the trombone’s transfer function. The first such recordings were made on analog 1/4 inch stereo magnetic tape. In 2000 digital recordings of trombone mouthpiece and anechoic output signals were made that provide a more accurate measurement of the trombone filter characteristic. Results show that the filter is a high-pass type with a cutoff frequency around 1000 Hz. Whereas the characteristic below cutoff is quite stable, above cutoff it is extremely variable, depending on level. In addition, measurements made using a swept-sine-wave system in 1972 verified the high-pass behavior, but they also showed a series of resonances whose minima correspond to the harmonic frequencies which occur under performance conditions. For frequencies below cutoff the two types of measurements corresponded well, but above cutoff there was a considerable difference. The general effect is that output harmonics above cutoff are greater than would be expected from linear filter theory, and this effect becomes stronger as input pressure increases. In the 1990s and early 2000s this nonlinear effect was verified by theory and measurements which showed that nonlinear propagation takes place in the trombone, causing a wave steepening effect at high amplitudes, thus increasing the relative strengths of the upper harmonics.

scholarly journals 1.0 V-0.18 µm CMOS Tunable Low Pass Filters with 73 dB DR for On-Chip Sensing Acquisition Systems

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Jorge Pérez-Bailón ◽  
Belén Calvo ◽  
Nicolás Medrano
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Active Area ◽  
Current Steering ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Low Pass Filters

This paper presents a new approach based on the use of a Current Steering (CS) technique for the design of fully integrated Gm–C Low Pass Filters (LPF) with sub-Hz to kHz tunable cut-off frequencies and an enhanced power-area-dynamic range trade-off. The proposed approach has been experimentally validated by two different first-order single-ended LPFs designed in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology powered by a 1.0 V single supply: a folded-OTA based LPF and a mirrored-OTA based LPF. The first one exhibits a constant power consumption of 180 nW at 100 nA bias current with an active area of 0.00135 mm2 and a tunable cutoff frequency that spans over 4 orders of magnitude (~100 mHz–152 Hz @ CL = 50 pF) preserving dynamic figures greater than 78 dB. The second one exhibits a power consumption of 1.75 µW at 500 nA with an active area of 0.0137 mm2 and a tunable cutoff frequency that spans over 5 orders of magnitude (~80 mHz–~1.2 kHz @ CL = 50 pF) preserving a dynamic range greater than 73 dB. Compared with previously reported filters, this proposal is a competitive solution while satisfying the low-voltage low-power on-chip constraints, becoming a preferable choice for general-purpose reconfigurable front-end sensor interfaces.

CURRENT-MODE ACTIVE-C FILTER EMPLOYING REDUCED NUMBER OF CCCII+s

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAHRAM MINAEI ◽  
ERKAN YUCE
Keyword(s):  
Current Mode ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Passive Component ◽  
Resistorless Filter ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Component Matching ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
High Output Impedance ◽  
Quality Factor Q ◽  
High Pass

In this paper, a universal current-mode second-order active-C filter for simultaneously realizing low-pass, band-pass and high-pass responses is proposed. The presented filter employs only three plus-type second-generation current-controlled conveyors (CCCII+s). This filter needs no critical active and passive component matching conditions and no additional active and passive elements for realizing high output impedance low-pass, band-pass and high-pass characteristics. The angular resonance frequency (ω0) and quality factor (Q) of the proposed resistorless filter can be tuned electronically. To verify the theoretical analysis and to exhibit the performance of the proposed filter, it is simulated with SPICE program.

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