Neural and Mechanical Response Time for Speech Production

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Netsell ◽  
Billie Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Dysarthric Speech ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Neurologically Normal ◽  
Response Group

The reaction time of 10 neurologically normal young adults was determined for a speech production task. The response was production of a CVC word following the offset of an auditory stimulus tone. Electromyography (EMG) was used to mark the onset of orbicularis oris activity in the response, and the interval between stimulus and EMG onset was designated as neural time. Mechanical response time was measured as the interval between EMG onset and the rise in intraoral air pressure marking the completion of the movement in the response. Group neural times and mechanical response times were approximately 140 and 60 msec, respectively, yielding a 200-msec reaction time. The usefulness of the reaction time paradigm is discussed in relation to studies of sensorimotor control in normal and dysarthric speech.

Short Report: Reaction Time Analysis with Outlier Exclusion: Bias Varies with Sample Size

1991 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Miller
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Reaction Time Analysis ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Skewed Distributions ◽  
Sample Average ◽  
Standard Deviations

To remove the influence of spuriously long response times, many investigators compute “restricted means”, obtained by throwing out any response time more than 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 standard deviations from the overall sample average. Because reaction time distributions are skewed, however, the computation of restricted means introduces a bias: the restricted mean underestimates the true average of the population of response times. This problem may be very serious when investigators compare restricted means across conditions with different numbers of observations, because the bias increases with sample size. Simulations show that there is substantial differential bias when comparing conditions with fewer than 10 observations against conditions with more than 20. With strongly skewed distributions and a cutoff of 3.0 standard deviations, differential bias can influence comparisons of conditions with even more observations.

scholarly journals The effect of eight exercises on reaction and response times in older people

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helia karimimoghadam ◽  
Mehrangiz Azmoun Cavan ◽  
Golaleh Karbasi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Older People ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Inactive Group

Abstract Purpose the physical activities have a lot of effects on the improvement of cognitive and motor performance. The purpose of this study is to survey the effect of exercise and physical activities on the reaction and response times (or durations) in older people. Methodology: the method of the study is casual-comparative and its statistic society were consisted of older people of Sanandaj that among them, 30 inactive persons were randomly selected and 30 active and available persons were also selected and their reaction and response times were measured. The reaction time was measured by the reaction timer made by Takei Company (model YB1000) and response time was measured through the movement and response field test of Nelson's selection. The reaction time was firstly and then the response time was measured. For data analysis from the descriptive statistics, the K-S test and T- independent test were used. Results Kolmogorov - Smirnov test revealed that study results have normal distribution. According to the study results, exercise and physical activity have positive effect on reaction and response times so that the results of T independent test showed that the active group has meaningfully lower reaction time (P = 0.000) and response time (P = 0.0.000) than the inactive group. Conclusion the results of this study showed that exercise and physical activities lead to the decrement in reaction and response times through the positive physiological and psychomotor changes.

Effects of Aircraft Motion on Passengers' Comfort Ratings and Response Times

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Rinalducci
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Large Body ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Human Reaction ◽  
Aircraft Motion ◽  
Human Reaction Time

Comfort ratings and response times for changes in the experienced level of comfort were examined in 20 subjects using the NASA Flight Research Center's Jetstar aircraft modified to carry the GPAS system (General Purpose Airborne Simulator). Data were obtained for each of the subjects during two runs of 10 1-min. flight segments. In general, as the magnitude of aircraft motion increased in either the vertical or transverse (lateral) directions, there was an increase in feelings of discomfort and a decrease in response times to those changes. These results suggest parallels between the large body of laboratory data on human reaction time and that collected in this field study on response times to changes in ride comfort.

scholarly journals Stimulus-response time to invasive blood pressure alarms: implications for the safety of critical-care patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Kuckartz Pergher ◽  
Roberto Carlos Lyra da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Hemodynamic Instability ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Invasive Blood Pressure ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
The City ◽  
Physical Layout

Observational, descriptive, exploratory, case study with the objective of measuring the stimulus-response time of the team to alarms monitoring invasive blood pressure (IBP) and analyzing the implications of this time for the safety of the patient. From January to March 2013, 60 hours of structured observation were conducted with registration of the alarms activated by IBP monitors in an adult ICU at a military hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 76 IBP alarms were recorded (1.26 alarms/hour), 21 of which (28%) were attended to and 55 (72%) considered as fatigued. The average response time to the alarms was 2 min. 45 sec. The deficit in human resource and physical layout were factors determining the delay in response to the alarms. The increase in response times to these alarms may compromise the safety of patients with hemodynamic instability, especially in situations such as shock and the use of vasoactive drugs.

scholarly journals English Speakers’ Implicit Gender Concepts Influence Their Processing of French Grammatical Gender: Evidence for Semantically Mediated Cross-Linguistic Influence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Nicoladis ◽  
Chris Westbury ◽  
Cassandra Foursha-Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
First Language ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Word Embedding ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
French Words ◽  
L1 English ◽  
French Gender

Second language (L2) learners often show influence from their first language (L1) in all domains of language. This cross-linguistic influence could, in some cases, be mediated by semantics. The purpose of the present study was to test whether implicit English gender connotations affect L1 English speakers’ judgments of the L2 French gender of objects. We hypothesized that gender estimates derived from word embedding models that measure similarity of word contexts in English would affect accuracy and response time on grammatical gender (GG) decision in L2 French. L2 French learners were asked to identify the GG of French words estimated to be either congruent or incongruent with the implicit gender in English. The results showed that they were more accurate with words that were congruent with English gender connotations than words that were incongruent, suggesting that English gender connotations can influence grammatical judgments in French. Response times showed the same pattern. The results are consistent with semantics-mediated cross-linguistic influence.

scholarly journals Assessment of tongue weakness and fatigue

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Nancy Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Tongue Strength ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Dysarthric Speech ◽  
Neurologically Normal ◽  
Jaw Position

Assessment of nonspeech tongue function is common in speech-language pathology. This paper reviews techniques used to determine tongue strength and endurance, and describes a constant-effort task. These techniques are intended to reveal and quantify the presence of weakness or fatigue of the tongue. The consequences of performing these tasks with and without a bite block, used to fix jaw position, are considered. Whether nonspeech tongue impairment is associated with speech dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease is another topic of interest. Past studies indicated reduced tongue strength and endurance in Parkinson’s disease, but these measures did not correlate with speech measures. It was hypothesized that weakness and fatigue need to be impaired to a “critical” level before speech is perceptibly affected. To examine whether experimentally induced tongue fatigue affects speech, normal speakers performed prolonged strenuous tongue exercise. Speech deteriorated following these exercises. A new investigation examines whether 1 hour of speech-like tongue exercise (rapid syllable repetitions) affects dysarthric speech. Preliminary data from 6 participants with Parkinson’s disease, 1 person with bulbar ALS, and 6 neurologically normal control subjects indicate that sentences sound more precise but less natural after the exercises. Surprisingly, results did not differ significantly between the groups. Continued collection of data and refinement of tasks will contribute to our understanding of the potential relationships between weakness, fatigue, and speech.

scholarly journals Glacier volume response time and its links to climate and topography based on a conceptual model of glacier hypsometry

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. B. Raper ◽  
R. J. Braithwaite
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Scaling Relation ◽  
Ablation Volume ◽  
Glacier Terminus ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Simple Ratio

Abstract. Glacier volume response time is a measure of the time taken for a glacier to adjust its geometry to a climate change. It is currently believed that the volume response time is given approximately by the ratio of glacier thickness to ablation at the glacier terminus. We propose a new conceptual model of glacier hypsometry (area-altitude relation) and derive the volume response time where climatic and topographic parameters are separated. The former is expressed by mass balance gradients which we derive from glacier-climate modelling and the latter are quantified with data from the World Glacier Inventory. Aside from the well-known scaling relation between glacier volume and area, we establish a new scaling relation between glacier altitude range and area, and evaluate it for seven regions. The presence of this scaling parameter in our response time formula accounts for the mass balance elevation feedback and leads to longer response times than given by the simple ratio of glacier thickness to ablation. Volume response times range from decades to thousands of years for glaciers in maritime (wet-warm) and continental (dry-cold) climates, respectively. The combined effect of volume-area and altitude-area scaling relations is such that volume response time can increase with glacier area (Axel Heiberg Island and Svalbard), hardly change (Northern Scandinavia, Southern Norway and the Alps) or even get smaller (The Caucasus and New Zealand).

scholarly journals A High-Stakes Approach to Response Time Effort in Low-Stakes Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-586
Author(s):  
Munevver Ilgun
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Accelerated Failure Time ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Educational Stakeholders ◽  
Accelerated Failure Time Models

<p style="text-align: justify;">Response times are one of the important sources that provide information about the performance of individuals during a test process. The main purpose of this study is to show that survival models can be used in educational data. Accordingly, data sets of items measuring literacy, numeracy and problem-solving skills of the countries participating in Round 3 of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies were used. Accelerated failure time models have been analyzed for each country and domain.  As a result of the analysis of the models in which various covariates are included as independent variables, and response time for giving correct answers is included as a dependent variable, it was found the associations between the covariates and response time for giving correct answers were concluded to vary from one domain to another or from one country to another. The results obtained from the present study have provided the educational stakeholders and practitioners with valuable information.</p>

scholarly journals Taxing the brain to uncover lying? Meta-analyzing the effect of imposing cognitive load on the reaction-time costs of lying

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Nils Köbis ◽  
yoella meyer ◽  
David Gertler Rand ◽  
Shaul Shalvi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Lying typically requires greater mental effort than telling the truth. Imposing cognitive load may improve lie detection by limiting the cognitive resources needed to lie effectively, thereby increasing the difference in speed between truths and lies. We test this hypothesis meta-analytically. Across 21 studies using response-time (RT) paradigms (11 unpublished; total N = 792), we consistently found that truth telling was faster than lying, but found no evidence that imposing cognitive load increased that difference (Control, d = 1.45; Load, d = 1.28). Instead, load significantly decreased the lie-truth RT difference by increasing the RT of truths, g = -.18, p = .027. Our findings therefore suggest that imposing cognitive load does not necessarily improve RT-based lie detection, and may actually worsen it by taxing the mental system and thus impeding people’s ability to easily—and thus quickly—tell the truth

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