Labial and Mandibular Dynamics during the Production of Bilabial Consonants: Preliminary Observations

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey M. Sussman ◽  
Peter F. MacNeilage ◽  
Robert J. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Temporal Sequencing ◽  
Voiceless Stop ◽  
Nasal Consonant ◽  
Intramuscular Electromyography ◽  
Preliminary Description

Simultaneous recordings of upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements concomitant with intramuscular electromyography were obtained from five subjects during the production of VCV tokens where V = /i/, /ε/, and /æ/ and C = /p/, /b/, and /m/. The temporal sequencing of muscle activity from major elevators and depressors of the lips and jaw was determined and incorporated into a preliminary description of the motor control of the bilabial gesture. Magnitudes of articulator displacement and velocity and electromyographic data revealed a trend among the bilabial consonants so that the voiceless stop /p/ was produced with the highest level of preocclusion activity, and the nasal consonant /m/, with the highest level of postocclusion activity. Production of the three stop cognates involved a complementary contribution of aerodynamic and neuromuscular forces in the achievement of the necessary upper articulatory maneuvers. A left-to-right coarticulation effect for jaw depression whereby the EMG level related to V 2 was reduced as V 1 lowered was shown to span the medial stop consonant. A right-to-left coarticulation effect was observed in one speaker whereby jaw elevation was inversely related to the openness of V 2 . Such an anticipatory maneuver was contradictory to more immediate phonetic goals and necessitated neuromuscular compensatory adjustments of the lower lip.

Lip and Jaw Kinematics in Bilabial Stop Consonant Production

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Löfqvist ◽  
Vincent L. Gracco
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Vowel Context ◽  
Virtual Target ◽  
Contextual Variability ◽  
Consonant Voicing

This paper reports two experiments, each designed to clarify different aspects of bilabial stop consonant production. The first one examined events during the labial closure using kinematic recordings in combination with records of oral air pressure and force of labial contact. The results of this experiment suggested that the lips were moving at a high velocity when the oral closure occurred. They also indicated mechanical interactions between the lips during the closure, including tissue compression and the lower lip moving the upper lip upward. The second experiment studied patterns of upper and lower lip interactions, movement variability within and across speakers, and the effects on lip and jaw kinematics of stop consonant voicing and vowel context. Again, the results showed that the lips were moving at a high velocity at the onset of the oral closure. No consistent influences of stop consonant voicing were observed on lip and jaw kinematics in five subjects, nor on a derived measure of lip aperture. The overall results are compatible with the hypothesis that one target for the lips in bilabial stop production is a region of negative lip aperture. A negative lip aperture implies that to reach their virtual target, the lips would have to move beyond each other. Such a control strategy would ensure that the lips will form an air tight seal irrespective of any contextual variability in the onset positions of their closing movements.

EMG Feedback and Recovery of Facial and Speech Gestures Following Neural Anastomosis

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billie Daniel ◽  
Barry Guitar
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Feedback Training ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lifting Task

A case report is presented of an attempt to increase muscle activity during non-speech and speech activities through surface electromyographic feedback. The subject, a 25-year-old male, had a surgical anastomosis of the seventh cranial to the twelfth cranial nerve five years prior to the initiation of this therapy. The right side of the face was immobile. Frequency analogs of muscle action potentials from the right lower lip during pressing, retraction, eversion, and speech were presented to the subject. His task was to increase the frequency of the tone thereby increasing muscle activity. The subject made substantial improvement in the gestures listed above. Electrodes also were placed in various infraorbital positions for an upper lip lifting task. This gesture was unimproved. Pre- and posttherapy independence of facial gestures from conscious tongue contraction was found. Possible explanations were proposed for (1) increases of muscle activity in the lower lip, (2) lack of change of MAPs in the upper lip, (3) independence of the facial muscle activity from conscious tongue contraction, and (4) effectiveness of this feedback training.

A Cinefluorographic Investigation of Repeated Fluent Productions of Stutterers in an Adaptation Procedure

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald N. Zimmermann ◽  
J. M. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Repeated Readings ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Tonic Muscle ◽  
Adaptation Procedure ◽  
Target Words

Cinefluorography was used to study three stutterers and two nonstutterers repeating a passage made up of monosyllables. CVC target words of the form/cæt/were embedded in the passage and were analyzed to determine the effects of repeating the passage on velocities, displacements, and durations of movements of the tongue, jaw, and lower lip. Coordination among the articulators was also assessed. The investigation was undertaken to test the hypothesis that decreases in velocities and displacements, increased movement durations, and decreased latency between the onsets of jaw movements and of tongue tip movements would be associated with the repeated readings. The hypothesis was not supported by the results. A post hoe analysis showed that a decrease in the variability, of instantaneous velocities (and by inference a decrease in variation in muscle stiffness) was associated with practice for the three stutterers but not for the nonstutterers. Inferences about the adaptation effect are made related (a} to the stabilization of tonic muscle activity which may be associated with a decrease in arousal, and (b) to the, effects of practice.

Interactions in the Labial Musculature during Speech

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Raymond N. Linville ◽  
J. David Garrett ◽  
Carl Kice Brown
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Normal Speaking

Interactions in electromyographic activity of the upper and lower lips during speech were studied by manipulating the magnitude of bursts of activity related to bilabial closure. Four pairs of electrodes were placed in the labial musculature in each of four normal-speaking young adults. Manipulation of muscle activity usually resulted in positively correlated changes in activity recorded from the other three electrode pairs. Similar effects were found when lower lip muscle activity was manipulated and when upper lip muscle activity was manipulated, suggesting there is no asymmetry in the interactions between lips. Measurements of lower lip closing movement often correlated with the modulated muscle activity, suggesting that the size of lip opening was varied to accommodate different closing forces. The flexibility of a system producing positive correlations in the activity of different labial regions is discussed and contrasted with the suggestions that there are complementary variations, producing negative correlations, in the activity of different labial muscles during speech.

scholarly journals Conservative treatment of a Class I malocclusion with 12 mm overjet, overbite and severe mandibular crowding

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Marcos Alan Vieira Bittencourt ◽  
Arthur Costa Rodrigues Farias ◽  
Marcelo de Castellucci e Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Class I ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Conservative Approach ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Facial Aesthetics ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Angle Class ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Lower Arch ◽  
Lower Incisors

INTRODUCTION: A female patient aged 12 years and 2 months had molars and canines in Class II relationship, severe overjet (12 mm), deep overbite (100%), excessive retroclination and extrusion of the lower incisors, upper incisor proclination, with mild midline diastema. Both dental arches appeared constricted and a lower arch discrepancy of less than -6.5 mm. Facially, she had a significant upper incisors display at rest, interposition and eversion of the lower lip, acute nasolabial angle and convex profile. OBJECTIVE: To report a clinical case consisting of Angle Class I malocclusion with deep overbite and overjet in addition to severe crowding treated with a conservative approach. METHODS: Treatment consisted of slight retraction of the upper incisors and intrusion and protrusion of the lower incisors until all crowding was eliminated. RESULTS: Adequate overbite and overjet were achieved while maintaining the Angle Class I canine and molar relationships and coincident midlines. The facial features were improved, with the emergence of a slightly convex profile and lip competence, achieved through a slight retraction of the upper lip and protrusion of the lower lip, while improving the nasolabial and mentolabial sulcus. CONCLUSIONS: This conservative approach with no extractions proved effective and resulted in a significant improvement of the occlusal relationship as well as in the patient's dental and facial aesthetics.

Phonetic feature size in second language acquisition: Examining VOT in voiceless and voiced stops

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110089
Author(s):  
Daniel J Olson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Voice Onset Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Acoustic Similarity ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Voiceless Stop ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Featural approaches to second language phonetic acquisition posit that the development of new phonetic norms relies on sub-phonemic features, expressed through a constellation of articulatory gestures and their corresponding acoustic cues, which may be shared across multiple phonemes. Within featural approaches, largely supported by research in speech perception, debate remains as to the fundamental scope or ‘size’ of featural units. The current study examines potential featural relationships between voiceless and voiced stop consonants, as expressed through the voice onset time cue. Native English-speaking learners of Spanish received targeted training on Spanish voiceless stop consonant production through a visual feedback paradigm. Analysis focused on the change in voice onset time, for both voiceless (i.e. trained) and voiced (i.e. non-trained) phonemes, across the pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest. The results demonstrated a significant improvement (i.e. reduction) in voice onset time for voiceless stops, which were subject to the training paradigm. In contrast, there was no significant change in the non-trained voiced stop consonants. These results suggest a limited featural relationship, with independent voice onset time (VOT) cues for voiceless and voices phonemes. Possible underlying mechanisms that limit feature generalization in second language (L2) phonetic production, including gestural considerations and acoustic similarity, are discussed.

Movements of the Upper and Lower Lips during Speech

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Jeanne L. Canty
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Organizational Systems ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Block Sizes ◽  
Open Position ◽  
Normal Speaking ◽  
Speech Articulators

Inferior-superior displacements of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw were transduced with a strain-gauge system in 4 normal-speaking adults. Movements of the upper and lower lips were compared across conditions in which the jaw was free to move and when bite blocks were used to fix the jaw at four different vertical positions. As jaw-open position was increased with the bite blocks, it was found that: (a) Positions of both lips changed for bilabial closure, but the closing movements did not usually maintain consistent proportions between lips across different bite-block sizes; (b) although the lips maintained fairly consistent maximum interlabial opening across many conditions, this opening was reduced in the small bite-block conditions; and (c) in a few cases there was an increase in the duration of lip-closing movements, but these were small and inconsistent. The findings are discussed relative to possible organizational systems that would produce the observed interactions among speech articulators.

Articulatory peculiarities of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme о /ʊ̇/ (on MRI data)

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-208
Author(s):  
T. R. Ryzhikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Acoustic Effect ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Vocal System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

The paper aims to describe the articulatory traits of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme o /ʊ̇/ by the somatic methods. The method used is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eighteen Barabian tomograms comprising o-type articulation have been described and analyzed according to the technique adopted in the V. M. Nadelyayev’s Laboratory of Experimental-Phonetic Researches (Institute of Philology SB RAS). The text provides only general observations and conclusions, with a full description of all tomograms given in three tables. The experimentalphonetic analysis of the Baraba-Tatar tomograms of the vowel o allowed the author to draw several conclusions. There is a variability of the o-type tunings in Barabian, the most typical being the central-back narrow labialized ejective realization. Though it is very narrow and is phonetically transcribed as /ʊ̇/, it is acoustically perceived as o. While producing the sound o, the oral and pharyngeal cavities become very small, producing the effect of tension. Additional narrowing occurs between the soft palate and the tongue back as well as between the upper teeth and the lower lip, thus preventing the airflow from free release. The lip position is also unusual: instead of protruding forward, the upper lip moves back, tightly covering the upper teeth to produce an interesting acoustic effect. To sum up, further investigation of all vocal system units of Baraba-Tatar is needed to draw ultimate conclusions about the typological belonging of the language under consideration.

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