Articulation of /s/ as a Function of Cluster and Word Frequency of Occurrence

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard ◽  
Stuart I. Ritterman
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence

This study examined frequency-of-occurrence effects on the articulatory productions of /s/ in words by 76 normal and 18 /s/-defective second graders. The stimuli, monosyllabic CCVC and CVCC words, consisted of high- and low-frequency words, with each word containing either a high- or low-frequency /s/ cluster. The stimuli were arranged in four permutations of cluster/word frequency combinations and were presented to the subjects in an imitation task. Significant differences were observed between the articulatory performances on high- versus low-frequency clusters, as well as on high- versus low-frequency words.

The Effects of Stimulability on the Articulation of /s/ Relative to Cluster and Word Frequency of Occurrence

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Moore ◽  
John Burke ◽  
Chris Adams
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
The Poor

This study investigated the effects of stimulability on the articulation of cluster nested /s/ in high- and low-frequency clusters and words. A good stimulability group and a poor stimulability group of /s/-defective seven-year-old children were investigated. Statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences between the articulatory performances of the two groups on words or clusters occurring with high or low frequency. Subjects in the good stimulability group obtained significantly fewer errors on the test stimuli than did subjects in the poor stimulability group. Correlational analyses indicated that stimulability was positively correlated with correct numbers of /s/ productions in both clusters and words occurring with both high and low frequency. Subjects' spontaneous /s/ errors on the Templin-Darley screening test were not found to be correlated with their stimulability scores or their imitative /s/ productions in words and clusters occurring with high or low frequencies.

Verbal Association by Chinese and American Students as a Function of Word Frequency and Mode of Presentation

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1051-1060
Author(s):  
Elliott McGinnies ◽  
Thomas W. Turnage
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
University Of Maryland ◽  
Mode Of Presentation ◽  
Verbal Association ◽  
American Students ◽  
The University ◽  
Frequent Exposure

Associations were obtained from 40 Ss each at National Taiwan University and the University of Maryland to words presented either vocally or in writing. The words varied in frequency of occurrence for both languages. American Ss produced more associations than the Taiwanese Ss under all conditions. In both samples number of associations increased with frequency of the stimulus words. Printed Chinese, however, enjoyed a significant advantage over spoken Chinese in evoking associations to infrequent words. This finding, which did not obtain for the English words, was attributed to (a) more frequent exposure of Taiwanese to low frequency words in print than in speech and (b) increased identifiability of infrequent Chinese words when printed. Implications for more effective communication between the two language communities were discussed.

Some Determinants of Word-Frequency Estimates

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Matlin ◽  
David J. Stang
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
True Frequency

Subjects saw Turkish nonsense words and estimated their frequency of occurrence (72 subjects, 12 words, Exp. I; 33 subjects, 16 words, Exp. II). Results indicated that: (a) low-frequency stimuli were overestimated while high-frequency stimuli were underestimated; (b) stimuli were judged more frequent when they were positively evaluated than when they were negatively evaluated; (c) stimuli were judged more frequent in a distributed presentation than in a massed presentation; (d) stimuli were judged more frequent when they were rated after a 2-wk. delay than when they were rated immediately; (e) a 2-wk. delay enhanced the interaction between true frequency and judged frequency; (f) stimuli were judged more frequent when they appeared at the beginning or end of the presentation period rather than in the middle.

Tachistoscopic Word Recognition as a Function of Word Abstractness/Concreteness, Word Frequency, and IQ

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judi Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Low Iq ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Concrete Words

Tachistoscopic word-recognition thresholds for abstract and concrete words of high and low frequency of occurrence were measured for 15 college subjects of high and 15 of low IQ to determine if word abstractness/concreteness is a significant one among these variables. Results refuted previous investigations with thresholds for abstract words being greater than thresholds for concrete words. Also, thresholds for high frequency of occurrence words were lower than for words of low frequency. Subjects with high and low IQs did not have different recognition thresholds. Frequency and word abstractness/concreteness interacted. Possible explanations for these findings are outlined.

A statistical approach to pollutant emissions from combined sewer systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin G. Veldkamp ◽  
Jan B. M. Wiggers
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Single Event ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

This research is based on CSO emissions from Dutch sewer systems. During the years 1982 to 1989 research was done on several sewer systems, all of them equiped with a single overflow weir. Pollutant emissions were calculated from the measurements, whereby each storm was considered as a single event. Extreme emissions have a detrimental, sometimes even desastrous effect on water quality. Such extreme emissions are the result of heavy storms, giving it a low frequency of occurrence. From the measurements a statistical model was developed enabling the user to forecast extreme waste emissions with a certain return period in a range of 2 to 10 years. Five pollutants are put in the model: BOD, COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphate and suspended solids. The model operates with standardized emission values in kg per ha of impervious area. When the model is used in practice the runoff area to the specific overflow under consideration has to be known.

A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Word Frequency and Rime-Neighborhood Size on Beginning Readers' Rime Reading Accuracy in Words and Nonwords

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anne Calhoon ◽  
Lauren Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
High Frequency Words

Beginning readers' rime reading accuracy was assessed over three years to examine the influence of word frequency and rime-neighborhood size (the number of single syllable words with the same rime) on words presented in lists and stories. Twenty-seven 1st- and 2nd- grade students read 54 words and 27 nonwords containing rimes from different size neighborhoods. In Year 1, children showed effects of neighborhood size in high frequency words read in stories and in low frequency words read in lists and stories. In Year 2, rimes from large neighborhoods were read more accurately than rimes from medium and small neighborhoods in high- and low-frequency words. In Year 3, no effects of rime-neighborhood size were found for high-frequency words, but effects on low-frequency words continued. These results support Leslie and Calhoon's (1995) developmental model of the effects of rime-neighborhood size and word frequency as a function of higher levels of word learning.

scholarly journals The Effect of Phonological Neighborhood Density on Vowel Articulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1048-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Munson ◽  
Nancy Pearl Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Vowel Production ◽  
Phonological Neighborhood Density ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Phonological Neighborhood

Recent literature suggests that phonological neighborhood density and word frequency can affect speech production, in addition to the well-documented effects that they have on speech perception. This article describes 2 experiments that examined how phonological neighborhood density influences the durations and formant frequencies of adults’ productions of vowels in real words. In Experiment 1, 10 normal speakers produced words that covaried in phonological neighborhood density and word frequency. Infrequent words with many phonological neighbors were produced with shorter durations and more expanded vowel spaces than frequent words with few phonological neighbors. Results of this experiment confirmed that this effect was not related to the duration of the vowels constituting the high- and low-density words. In Experiment 2, 15 adults produced words that varied in both word frequency and neighborhood density. Neighborhood density affected vowel articulation in both high- and low-frequency words. Moreover, frequent words were produced with more contracted vowel spaces than infrequent words. There was no interaction between these factors, and the vowel duration did not vary as a function of neighborhood density. Taken together, the results suggest that neighborhood density affects vowel production independent of word frequency and vowel duration.

scholarly journals Eye Tracking Technology in Detecting the Switch Cost in the Intra-sentential Code-Switching Contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Liqin Wu ◽  
Cuihua Xi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Reading Efficiency ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Switch cost and cost site have been controversial issues in the code-switching studies. This research conducted an eye tracking experiment on eight bilingual subjects to measure their switch cost and cost site in comprehending the intra-sentential code-switching (Chinese and English) and the unilingual (pure Chinese) stimuli. The English words and their Chinese translations or equivalents were assumed as the key words in either a unilingual or an intra-sentential code-switching paragraph. These key words were located as areas of interest (AOI) with the same height and consisted of three word-frequency levels. After the experiment, the subjects were required to do a comprehension test to ensure their real understanding of the English words. Their performances in two different reading contexts were compared by adopting a paired sample t-test. Their eye movement data were validated by using 2 x 3 repeated measures ANOVA. It was revealed that: 1) the subjects’ scores in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts were higher than those in the unilingual ones, i.e. reading efficiency increased in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts; 2) word frequency had little effect on word recognition speed in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts, i.e., the least frequently used words did not necessarily take the subjects’ more time or vice versa; 3) even if a switch cost occurred(on rare occasions), it was not necessarily at the switching site, and low frequency words in alternating languages did impair performance even when the switch occurred at a sentence boundary.

The effects of discourse support on the organization and production of children's utterances

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy W. Streim ◽  
Robin S. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Support Condition ◽  
Description Task ◽  
Target Words

ABSTRACTThis study asked whether lexical availability affects the length, complexity, order of mention, and fluency of children's utterances. Lexical availability was manipulated through discourse support (present or absent) and word frequency (high or low) for 40 target nouns. Length was indexed by mean number of words per communication unit. Complexity was indexed by mean number of verbs per communication unit. Earlier mention was measured by mean number of words preceding the target word in each communication unit. Thirty-six subjects, aged 4, 6, and 8, described 40 illustrations containing a high or low frequency target noun referent. In the discourse support condition, provided for one half of the target words, subjects named the target word prior to the description task. Results showed that the number of responses containing the target word varied with age, word frequency and discourse support condition; length of responses varied with age and its interaction with discourse support; earlier mention varied with age and discourse support condition; and fluency varied with discourse support condition. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of Bock's process model of sentence production.

Word frequency does not moderate the degree to which people can selectively attend to parts of visually presented words

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182096906
Author(s):  
Todd A Kahan ◽  
Louisa M Slowiaczek ◽  
Ned Scott ◽  
Brian T Pfohl
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Bigram Frequency ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Entire Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Whether attention is allocated to an entire word or can be confined to part of a word was examined in an experiment using a visual composite task. Participants saw a study word, a cue to attend to either the right or left half, and a test word, and indicated if the cued half of the words (e.g., left) was the same (e.g., TOLD-TONE) or different (e.g., TOLD-WINE). Prior research using this task reports a larger congruency effect for low-frequency words relative to high-frequency words but extraneous variables were not equated. In this study ( N = 33), lexical (orthographic neighbourhood density) and sublexical (bigram frequency) variables were controlled, and word frequency was manipulated. Results indicate that word frequency does not moderate the degree to which parts of a word can be selectively attended/ignored. Response times to high-frequency words were faster than response times to low-frequency words but the congruency effect was equivalent. The data support a capacity model where attention is equally distributed across low-frequency and high-frequency words but low-frequency words require additional processing resources.

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