Speech Production and Perception in a Patient with Severe Impairment of Somesthetic Perception and Motor Control

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. MacNeilage ◽  
Thomas P. Rootes ◽  
Richard Allen Chase
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Neurological Examination ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
Motor Abnormalities ◽  
Normal Speech ◽  
Speech Motor

Studies were made of speech and other motor behavior of a 17-year-old female with severe chronic difficulties in swallowing, chewing, and speaking. Studies included: (a) physical and neurological examination; (b) phonological analysis; (c) electromyography; (d) cinefluorography; (e) non-speech motor tests; (f) tests of phoneme perception, and (g) dichotic auditory perception tests. Neurological examination revealed severe defects in complex somesthetic sensation (e.g. stereognosis). Other sensory functions, including hearing, were normal. Although motor abnormalities of extrapyramidal, cerebellar or peripheral origin were not indicated, the patient was unable to activate the several muscles required for any given speech gesture while at the same time independently controlling their various patterns of activity in normal fashion. It was concluded that this difficulty was not primarily of motor origin but resulted from congenital inability to obtain somesthetic information necessary for learning of the patterns of spatial distribution and temporal modulation of muscle contraction accompanying normal speech. Despite the severe speech production deficits, speech perception approached normality, even in some characteristics which, according to the motor theory of speech perception, are dependent on the listener’s referring to the neural correlates of normal speech motor control. Reference to normal motor information does not therefore appear necessary for these types of perceptual performance.

The Dynamics of Speech Motor Control Revealed with Time-Resolved fMRI

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Janssen ◽  
Cristian Camilo Rincón Mendieta
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Speech Motor

Abstract Holding a conversation means that speech must be started, maintained, and stopped continuously. The brain networks that underlie these aspects of speech motor control remain poorly understood. Here we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants produced normal and fast rate speech in response to sequences of visually presented objects. We took a non-conventional approach to fMRI data analysis that allowed us to study speech motor behavior as it unfolded over time. To this end, whole-brain fMRI signals were extracted in stimulus-locked epochs using slice-based fMRI. These data were then subjected to group independent component analysis to discover spatially independent networks that were associated with different temporal activation profiles. The results revealed two basic brain networks with different temporal dynamics: a cortical network that was activated continuously during speech production, and a second cortico-subcortical network that increased in activity during the initiation and suppression of speech production. Additional analyses explored whether key areas involved in motor suppression such as the right inferior frontal gyrus, sub-thalamic nucleus and pre-supplementary motor area provide first-order signals to stop speech. The results reveal for the first time the brain networks associated with the initiation, maintenance, and suppression of speech motor behavior.

scholarly journals Normal Changes in the Speech of Older Adults: You've still got what it takes; it just takes a little longer!

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia R. Hooper ◽  
Ann Cralidis
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Speech Motor

Abstract The authors reviewed the changes in speech production as a result of aging, including changes in structure and function as well as changes in motor control for speech. The following speech production processes in normal or typical aging were reviewed: breathing for speech, phonation, resonation, articulation, and fluency. Different theories of the role of motor control were reviewed, including more recent conclusions that cognition influences speech motor behavior throughout the lifespan. There are many speech changes in the communication of an older adult, but most are adaptive and do not affect good conversational speech.

scholarly journals What happens to the motor theory of perception when the motor system is damaged?

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Stasenko ◽  
Frank E. Garcea ◽  
Bradford Z. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Action Recognition ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Neuropsychological Evidence ◽  
Motor Representations ◽  
Speech Motor

AbstractMotor theories of perception posit that motor information is necessary for successful recognition of actions. Perhaps the most well known of this class of proposals is the motor theory of speech perception, which argues that speech recognition is fundamentally a process of identifying the articulatory gestures (i.e. motor representations) that were used to produce the speech signal. Here we review neuropsychological evidence from patients with damage to the motor system, in the context of motor theories of perception applied to both manual actions and speech. Motor theories of perception predict that patients with motor impairments will have impairments for action recognition. Contrary to that prediction, the available neuropsychological evidence indicates that recognition can be spared despite profound impairments to production. These data falsify strong forms of the motor theory of perception, and frame new questions about the dynamical interactions that govern how information is exchanged between input and output systems.

scholarly journals Consistency influences altered auditory feedback processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2371-2379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias K Franken ◽  
Daniel J Acheson ◽  
James M McQueen ◽  
Peter Hagoort ◽  
Frank Eisner
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Consistent Condition ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Speech Motor

Previous research on the effect of perturbed auditory feedback in speech production has focused on two types of responses. In the short term, speakers generate compensatory motor commands in response to unexpected perturbations. In the longer term, speakers adapt feedforward motor programmes in response to feedback perturbations, to avoid future errors. The current study investigated the relation between these two types of responses to altered auditory feedback. Specifically, it was hypothesised that consistency in previous feedback perturbations would influence whether speakers adapt their feedforward motor programmes. In an altered auditory feedback paradigm, formant perturbations were applied either across all trials (the consistent condition) or only to some trials, whereas the others remained unperturbed (the inconsistent condition). The results showed that speakers’ responses were affected by feedback consistency, with stronger speech changes in the consistent condition compared with the inconsistent condition. Current models of speech-motor control can explain this consistency effect. However, the data also suggest that compensation and adaptation are distinct processes, which are not in line with all current models.

Evidence motivating consideration of an alternative approach

Speech Timing ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Principled Explanation ◽  
Spatial Interference ◽  
Normal Speech ◽  
Speech Motor

This chapter begins to motivate the development of an alternative approach to speech production by pointing out three potential difficulties with the highly-successful Articulatory Phonology/Task Dynamics approach. First, it discusses the extensive nature of modifications to AP/TD default specifications required to account for the wide variety of surface phonetic forms. The need for a large number of adjustments in AP/TD raises questions about the appropriateness of the AP/TD default-adjustment approach, which would have been more appropriate if the default, non-prominent, phrase-medial, normal-speech-rate specifications could be used most of the time. Second, it discusses the lack of a principled explanation for behaviors described by Fitts’ law. While the theory can accommodate some aspects of Fitts’ law, others are not explained or accommodated. Finally, it suggests that AP/TD’s gestural score architecture raises the risk of spatial interference among overlapping, independent gestures. These three challenges taken together set the stage for the discussion of additional challenges in Chapter 4, which further motivate consideration of phonology-extrinsic-timing-based approaches to speech motor control.

scholarly journals The Quantal Larynx: The Stable Regions of Laryngeal Biomechanics and Implications for Speech Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Reid Moisik ◽  
Bryan Gick
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
High Dimensionality ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Speech Control ◽  
Regions Of Stability ◽  
Speech Motor

Purpose Recent proposals suggest that (a) the high dimensionality of speech motor control may be reduced via modular neuromuscular organization that takes advantage of intrinsic biomechanical regions of stability and (b) computational modeling provides a means to study whether and how such modularization works. In this study, the focus is on the larynx, a structure that is fundamental to speech production because of its role in phonation and numerous articulatory functions. Method A 3-dimensional model of the larynx was created using the ArtiSynth platform ( http://www.artisynth.org ). This model was used to simulate laryngeal articulatory states, including inspiration, glottal fricative, modal prephonation, plain glottal stop, vocal–ventricular stop, and aryepiglotto–epiglottal stop and fricative. Results Speech-relevant laryngeal biomechanics is rich with “quantal” or highly stable regions within muscle activation space. Conclusions Quantal laryngeal biomechanics complement a modular view of speech control and have implications for the articulatory–biomechanical grounding of numerous phonetic and phonological phenomena.

scholarly journals Transfer of Learning: What Does It Tell Us About Speech Production Units?

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1613-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiphaine Caudrelier ◽  
Jean-Luc Schwartz ◽  
Pascal Perrier ◽  
Silvain Gerber ◽  
Amélie Rochet-Capellan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Speech Motor

Purpose Words, syllables, and phonemes have each been regarded as basic encoding units of speech production in various psycholinguistic models. The present article investigates the role of each unit in the interface with speech articulation, using a paradigm from motor control research. Method Seventy-six native speakers of French were trained to change their production of /be/ in response to an auditory feedback perturbation (auditory–motor learning). We then assessed the magnitude of learning transfer from /be/ to the syllables in 2 pseudowords (/bepe/ and /pebe/) and 1 real word (/bebe/) as well as the aftereffect on the same utterance (/be/) with a between-subjects design. This made it possible to contrast the amplitude of transfer at the levels of the utterance, the syllable, and the phoneme, depending on the position in the word. Linear mixed models allowed us to study the amplitude as well as the dynamics of the transfer and the aftereffect over trials. Results Transfer from the training utterance /be/ was observed for all vowels of the test utterances but was larger to the syllable /be/ than to the syllable /pe/ at word-initial position and larger to the 1st syllable than to the 2nd syllable in the utterance. Conclusions Our study suggests that words, syllables, and phonemes may all contribute to the definition of speech motor commands. In addition, the observation of a serial order effect raises new questions related to the connection between psycholinguistic models and speech motor control approaches.

scholarly journals Differential causal involvement of human auditory and frontal cortices in vocal motor control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Araceli Ramirez Cardenas ◽  
Roozbeh Behroozmand ◽  
Zsuzsanna Kocsis ◽  
Phillip E Gander ◽  
Kirill V Nourski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Neurosurgical Patients ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Auditory Cortices ◽  
Voice Fundamental Frequency

Speech motor control requires integration of sensory and motor information. Bidirectional communication between frontal and auditory cortices is crucial for speech production, self-monitoring and motor control. We used cortical direct electrical stimulation (DES) to functionally dissect audio-motor interactions underlying speech production and motor control. Eleven neurosurgical patients performed a visually cued vocal task in which a short auditory feedback perturbation was introduced during vocalization. We evaluated the effect of DES on vocal initiation, voice fundamental frequency (F0) and feedback-dependent motor control. DES of frontal sites modulated vocal onset latencies. Stimulation of different inferior frontal gyrus sites elicited either shortening or prolongation of vocal latencies. DES distinctly modulated voice F0 at different vocalization stages. Frontal and temporal areas played an important role in setting voice F0 in the first 250 ms of an utterance, while Heschls gyrus was involved later when auditory input is available for self-monitoring. Vocal responses to pitch-shifted auditory feedback were mostly reduced by DES of non-core auditory cortices. Overall, we demonstrate that vocal planning and initiation are driven by frontal cortices, while feedback-dependent control relies predominantly on non-core auditory cortices. Our findings represent direct evidence of the role played by different auditory and frontal regions in vocal motor control.

Speech Motor Control and Predicting Disordered Speech

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
H.A. Leeper
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Speech Output ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Speech Motor

Abstract There are numerous theories of speech production that focus on motor control for regulation of speech output. One of the more prominent is the “pressure regulation-control” model that was developed from studies of the aerodynamic speech activities of normal speakers and individuals with cleft lip and palate and accompanying resonance and speech disorders. This theory aid in understanding the nature of maladaptive speech production related to velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI). Descriptions of experimental research will be employed to relate this theory to effective strategies of speech management for individuals with VPI.

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