Instrumental-Avoidance Conditioning Versus Classical Conditioning In Electrodermal Audiometry

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Avoidance Conditioning ◽  
Normal Hearing

Instrumental-avoidance conditioning and classical conditioning as utilized in electrodermal audiometry were compared within a group of 18 normal hearing subjects, a second group of 18 subjects with sensori-neural hearing losses and a third group of 18 subjects suspected of having nonorganic hearing losses. Statistically significant differences and consistent trends suggest that instrumental-avoidance conditioning provided stronger conditioning, greater resistance to adaptation, and better discrimination learning than did classical conditioning within all three groups of subjects. Between-groups comparisons suggest that nonvolunteer subjects are more responsive than volunteer subjects during EDA when electric shock is utilized as the unconditioned stimulus.

An Automated Apparatus for Conditioning Proboscis Extension in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera L.

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles I. Abramson ◽  
B. J. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Automatic Programming ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proboscis Extension ◽  
Series Of Experiments

An apparatus is described for the study of classical conditioning of proboscis extension in harnessed honey bees, Apis mellifera L., that permits automatic programming of events and recording of data. The apparatus is easy to use, accommodates a wide range of stimuli and can be used to study both associative and nonassociative learning. The technique was evaluated in a series of experiments in which the performance of bees was compared under automated and traditional methods of conditioning. The results indicated that the automated apparatus can successfully be used to study Pavlovian conditioning, discrimination learning, and habituation. A unique finding was that the odor of honeycomb can serve as an unconditioned stimulus to support Pavlovian conditioning.

Brightness Discrimination Learning under Conditions of Simultaneous and Successive Presentation of Stimuli with Punishment

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon J. Lachman ◽  
Donald H. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Brightness Discrimination ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Gestalt Theory ◽  
Successive Presentation ◽  
Parallel Group

Under relational conditions with electric shock punishment for incorrect responses, all 9 rats learned to choose the dimmer of two stimuli; no Ss in a parallel group of rats ( N = 6) given equivalent training under absolute conditions reached the learning criterion. Results are interpreted as supporting the Gestalt theory of discrimination learning rather than the theory of Spence.

A Classical Conditioning Procedure for the Hearing Assessment of Multiply Handicapped Persons

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio E. Lancioni ◽  
Frans Coninx ◽  
Paul M. Smeets
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Conditioning Procedure ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
Visual Reinforcement ◽  
Classical Procedure ◽  
Hearing Assessment ◽  
Classical Conditioning Procedure

The present study evaluated the viability of a classical conditioning procedure with an air puff as unconditioned stimulus for the hearing assessment of multiply handicapped children and adolescents. All subjects were also exposed to operant conditioning, which consisted of a modified visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) procedure or involved edible reinforcement contingent on a reaching response (for blind subjects). The findings indicate that the classical conditioning procedure was successful with 21 of the 23 subjects, whereas operant conditioning succeeded with 15 of the subjects. Thresholds obtained with classical conditioning were mostly equal to or within 10 dB of those obtained with operant conditioning and also matched previously available hearing estimates. These findings seem to suggest that the classical procedure can be a useful behavioral alternative for audiological assessment.

An Effective Paradigm for Conditioning Visual Perception in Human Subjects

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Davies ◽  
Geoffrey L Davies ◽  
Spencer Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Image Sequences ◽  
Mental Process ◽  
Visual Responses

Repeated pairing of an auditory conditioned stimulus with a weak visual unconditioned stimulus produced extended image sequences and visual responses conditioned to the tone alone. The experiment is set into the context of Pavlov's view of Helmholtz's “unconscious inference” thus providing experimental evidence linking the higher mental process of perception with classical conditioning.

Effects of Fear on Exploratory Behaviour in Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Exploratory Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship

It has been suggested that mild fear may evoke rather than inhibit exploratory responses in rats. The relationship between conditioned fear and exploratory behaviour was analysed in three experiments and there was no evidence that mild fear increased exploration. Conditioned fear was found to be under relatively precise stimulus control and its magnitude was related to the intensities and durations of the unconditioned stimulus, inescapable electric shock.

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