Do we know how mosquito disease vectors will respond to climate change?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rija Falimanalina Andriamifidy ◽  
Nils Benjamin Tjaden ◽  
Carl Beierkuhnlein ◽  
Stephanie Margarete Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Temperature Ranges

Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases are on the rise globally. Besides invasion processes and the increasing connectivity between distant regions through the trade of goods and human mobility, climate change is seen as an important driver for changing the likelihood of occurrence of vectors and diseases, respectively. Ectothermic insects respond directly to thermal conditions and thus we can expect them to follow climatic trends. However, a variety of species and different stages in their life cycles need to be considered. Here, we review the current literature in this field and disentangle the state of knowledge and the challenges and open questions for future research. The integration of diurnal temperature ranges in prospective experimental studies will strongly improve the knowledge of mosquitoes’ ecology and mosquito-borne disease transmission for temperate regions in particular. In addition, invasive mosquitoes are known to rapidly adapt to the climatic conditions, but the underlying processes are not yet fully understood.

scholarly journals Climate change and the rising infectiousness of dengue

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joacim Rocklöv ◽  
Yesim Tozan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Models Of Disease ◽  
Dengue Vectors

Abstract The disease burden of dengue has been steadily rising over the last half-century due to a multitude of factors, including global trade and travel, urbanization, population growth, and climate variability and change, that facilitate conductive conditions for the proliferation of dengue vectors and viruses. This review describes how climate, specifically temperature, affects the vectors’ ability to cause and sustain outbreaks, and how the infectiousness of dengue is influenced by climatic change. The review is focused on the core concepts and frameworks derived in the area of epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases and outlines the sensitivity of vectorial capacity and vector-to-human transmission on climatic conditions. It further reviews studies linking mathematical or statistical models of disease transmission to scenarios of projected climate change and provides recommendations for future research directions.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vally Koubi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

The link between climate change and conflict has been discussed intensively in academic literature during the past decade. This review aims to provide a clearer picture of what the research community currently has to say with regard to this nexus. It finds that the literature has not detected a robust and general effect linking climate to conflict onset. Substantial agreement exists that climatic changes contribute to conflict under some conditions and through certain pathways. In particular, the literature shows that climatic conditions breed conflict in fertile grounds: in regions dependent on agriculture and in combination and interaction with other socioeconomic and political factors such as a low level of economic development and political marginalization. Future research should continue to investigate how climatic changes interact with and/or are conditioned by socioeconomic, political, and demographic settings to cause conflict and uncover the causal mechanisms that link these two phenomena.

scholarly journals Solar Gain Influence on the Thermal and Energy Performance of Existing Mosque Buildings in the Hot-Arid Climate of Riyadh City

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3332
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ali A. Shohan ◽  
Hanan Al-Khatri ◽  
Ahmed Ali Bindajam ◽  
Mohamed B. Gadi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Riyadh City ◽  
Hot Arid Climate ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Proper Design

The required cooling energy in buildings exceeds 65% of the total energy consumed inside buildings under the extreme climatic conditions of Saudi Arabia. The proper design of buildings’ envelopes has a considerable potential in reducing such levels, especially in public buildings. The reported study evaluated the thermal performance of mosque buildings with focus on the solar gains through the envelope elements. Computer simulations were carried out using Thermal Analysis Software (TAS). In addition, the thermal and comfort votes of the worshippers in one mosque were collected. The findings revealed uncomfortable thermal conditions, especially during summer months. The required cooling energy ranged between 37% and 55% in the investigated mosques. Investigating the solar gains of the envelope elements of one mosque indicated that the roof is the largest contributor to solar gain, which highlights the potential for future research to explore new constructional alternatives with the aim of improving the roofs’ thermal performance.

scholarly journals Security implications of climate change: A decade of scientific progress

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Nina von Uexkull ◽  
Halvard Buhaug
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Conflict Risk

The study of security implications of climate change has developed rapidly from a nascent area of academic inquiry into an important and thriving research field that traverses epistemological and disciplinary boundaries. Here, we take stock of scientific progress by benchmarking the latest decade of empirical research against seven core research priorities collectively emphasized in 35 recent literature reviews. On the basis of this evaluation, we discuss key contributions of this special issue. Overall, we find that the research community has made important strides in specifying and evaluating plausible indirect causal pathways between climatic conditions and a wide set of conflict-related outcomes and the scope conditions that shape this relationship. Contributions to this special issue push the research frontier further along these lines. Jointly, they demonstrate significant climate impacts on social unrest in urban settings; they point to the complexity of the climate–migration–unrest link; they identify how agricultural production patterns shape conflict risk; they investigate understudied outcomes in relation to climate change, such as interstate claims and individual trust; and they discuss the relevance of this research for user groups across academia and beyond. We find that the long-term implications of gradual climate change and conflict potential of policy responses are important remaining research gaps that should guide future research.

scholarly journals Mechanical homeostasis in tissue equivalents: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas F. Eichinger ◽  
Lea J. Haeusel ◽  
Daniel Paukner ◽  
Roland C. Aydin ◽  
Jay D. Humphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Collagen Gels ◽  
Tissue Equivalents ◽  
Current State ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Mechanical Homeostasis ◽  
State Of Research

AbstractThere is substantial evidence that growth and remodeling of load bearing soft biological tissues is to a large extent controlled by mechanical factors. Mechanical homeostasis, which describes the natural tendency of such tissues to establish, maintain, or restore a preferred mechanical state, is thought to be one mechanism by which such control is achieved across multiple scales. Yet, many questions remain regarding what promotes or prevents homeostasis. Tissue equivalents, such as collagen gels seeded with living cells, have become an important tool to address these open questions under well-defined, though limited, conditions. This article briefly reviews the current state of research in this area. It summarizes, categorizes, and compares experimental observations from the literature that focus on the development of tension in tissue equivalents. It focuses primarily on uniaxial and biaxial experimental studies, which are well-suited for quantifying interactions between mechanics and biology. The article concludes with a brief discussion of key questions for future research in this field.

scholarly journals How will mosquitoes adapt to climate change?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Couper ◽  
Johannah Farner ◽  
Jamie Caldwell ◽  
Marissa Childs ◽  
Mallory Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Evolutionary Rescue

Accurately predicting and mitigating the effects of climate change on species ranges and interactions is a critical challenge. In particular, mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue are poised to shift with climate change. Understanding this impact hinges on a key open question: How will mosquitoes adapt to climate change? Here we adapt a simple framework widely used in conservation biology—evolutionary rescue models—to investigate the potential for mosquito climate adaptation, and we synthesize current evidence, focusing on adaptation to rising temperatures. Short mosquito generation times, high population growth rates, and strong temperature-imposed selection favor mosquito thermal adaptation. However, knowledge gaps about the extent of phenotypic and genotypic variation in thermal tolerance within mosquito populations, the environmental sensitivity of selection, and the role of phenotypic plasticity constrain our ability to make more precise estimates. Future research efforts should prioritize filling these data gaps. Specifically, we outline how common garden and selection experiments can be used to this end. Collecting and incorporating these data into an evolutionary rescue framework will improve estimates of mosquito adaptive potential and of changes in mosquito-borne disease transmission under climate change, and this approach can be applied more broadly to pests as well as species of conservation concern.

scholarly journals Modifications of Grapevine Berry Composition Induced by Main Viral and Fungal Pathogens in a Climate Change Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Rienth ◽  
Nicolas Vigneron ◽  
Robert P. Walker ◽  
Simone Diego Castellarin ◽  
Crystal Sweetman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grapevine Berry ◽  
The Impact

The grapevine is subject to high number of fungal and viral diseases, which are responsible for important economic losses in the global wine sector every year. These pathogens deteriorate grapevine berry quality either directly via the modulation of fruit metabolic pathways and the production of endogenous compounds associated with bad taste and/or flavor, or indirectly via their impact on vine physiology. The most common and devastating fungal diseases in viticulture are gray mold, downy mildew (DM), and powdery mildew (PM), caused, respectively by Botrytis cinerea, Plasmopara viticola, and Erysiphe necator. Whereas B. cinerea mainly infects and deteriorates the ripening fruit directly, deteriorations by DM and PM are mostly indirect via a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. Nevertheless, mildews can also infect berries at certain developmental stages and directly alter fruit quality via the biosynthesis of unpleasant flavor compounds that impair ultimate wine quality. The grapevine is furthermore host of a wide range of viruses that reduce vine longevity, productivity and berry quality in different ways. The most widespread virus-related diseases, that are known nowadays, are Grapevine Leafroll Disease (GLRD), Grapevine Fanleaf Disease (GFLD), and the more recently characterized grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD). Future climatic conditions are creating a more favorable environment for the proliferation of most virus-insect vectors, so the spread of virus-related diseases is expected to increase in most wine-growing regions. However, the impact of climate change on the evolution of fungal disease pressure will be variable and depending on region and pathogen, with mildews remaining certainly the major phytosanitary threat in most regions because their development rate is to a large extent temperature-driven. This paper aims to provide a review of published literature on most important grapevine fungal and viral pathogens and their impact on grape berry physiology and quality. Our overview of the published literature highlights gaps in our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions, which are valuable for conceiving future research programs dealing with the different pathogens and their impacts on grapevine berry quality and metabolism.

scholarly journals Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture, a Case Study of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Medani P. Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Change Impact

Climate change raises the risk on food security, alters the cropping pattern, and secondly, it also plays the triggering role to widen inequality. The South Asian region is home to nearly half of the poor and malnourished population of the world. In South Asia — Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan encounter similar climate induced changes though they differ in their socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions. The physiological population densities (farming population per unit of agricultural land) suggest that these countries belong to the threat zone in terms of climate change impact on agriculture. It has been obvious that any unfavorable climatic conditions mean poor agricultural growth which will have serious ramification on the countries’ economies. Poverty induces poverty; because of the rudimentary technologies used in agriculture, more manpower is needed for farming thus encouraging couples to increase family manpower to invest on farming, which might lead to overpopulation. This paper evaluates how climate change has direct impact on the agricultural development and broader economic growth in the global context and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). Paper unveils the climate change induced challenges in agriculture with the empirical evidence, elaborates the consequences to the farmers livelihood and food security. Based on secondary information, this paper provides climate change risk scenario and recommends few coping strategies to minimize the climate change impact in farming systems and pathway for the future research.

scholarly journals Rapid Evolution of Invasive Weeds Under Climate Change: Present Evidence and Future Research Needs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Clements ◽  
Vanessa L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Invasive Weeds ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Gradual Process

Although evolution has been often seen as a gradual process through a Darwinian lens, far more rapid evolutionary change has been observed in recent times. Recent examples documenting the potential speed of invasive plant evolution have included: latitudinal flowering clines, life history shifts, or abrupt changes in morphology. The timescales for such observations range from centuries down to <5 years. Invasive weeds provide good models for the rapid changes, partly because invasive weeds exhibit unique evolutionary mechanisms integral to their success. For example, purging of their genetic load may enable invasive plants to adapt more rapidly. Other genetic mechanisms include plasticity as an evolved trait, hybridization, polyploidy, epigenetics, and clonal division of labor. It is well-demonstrated that anthropogenic stressors such as habitat disturbance or herbicide use may work synergistically with climate change stressors in fostering rapid weed evolution. Changing temperatures, moisture regimes and extreme climate events operate universally, but invasive plant species are generally better equipped than native plants to adapt. Research on this potential for rapid evolution is critical to developing more proactive management approaches that anticipate new invasive plant ecotypes adapted to changing climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Predicting the effect of climate change on African trypanosomiasis: integrating epidemiology with parasite and vector biology

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (70) ◽  
pp. 817-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Moore ◽  
Sourya Shrestha ◽  
Kyle W. Tomlinson ◽  
Holly Vuong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Vector Biology ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Large Shift ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Climate warming over the next century is expected to have a large impact on the interactions between pathogens and their animal and human hosts. Vector-borne diseases are particularly sensitive to warming because temperature changes can alter vector development rates, shift their geographical distribution and alter transmission dynamics. For this reason, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), a vector-borne disease of humans and animals, was recently identified as one of the 12 infectious diseases likely to spread owing to climate change. We combine a variety of direct effects of temperature on vector ecology, vector biology and vector–parasite interactions via a disease transmission model and extrapolate the potential compounding effects of projected warming on the epidemiology of African trypanosomiasis. The model predicts that epidemics can occur when mean temperatures are between 20.7°C and 26.1°C. Our model does not predict a large-range expansion, but rather a large shift of up to 60 per cent in the geographical extent of the range. The model also predicts that 46–77 million additional people may be at risk of exposure by 2090. Future research could expand our analysis to include other environmental factors that influence tsetse populations and disease transmission such as humidity, as well as changes to human, livestock and wildlife distributions. The modelling approach presented here provides a framework for using the climate-sensitive aspects of vector and pathogen biology to predict changes in disease prevalence and risk owing to climate change.

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