scholarly journals A new approach to the classification and management of airways diseases: identification of treatable traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (10) ◽  
pp. 1027-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Shrimanker ◽  
Xue Ning Choo ◽  
Ian D. Pavord
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Diagnostic Label ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Do So

This review outlines a new, personalized approach for the classification and management of airway diseases. The current approach to airways disease is, we believe, no longer fit for purpose. It is impractical, overgeneralizes complex and heterogeneous conditions and results in management that is imprecise and outcomes that are worse than they could be. Importantly, the assumptions we make when applying a diagnostic label have impeded new drug discovery and will continue to do so unless we change our approach. This review suggests a new mechanism-based approach where the emphasis is on identification of key causal mechanisms and targeted intervention with treatment based on possession of the relevant mechanism rather than an arbitrary label. We highlight several treatable traits and suggest how they can be identified and managed in different healthcare settings.

scholarly journals 107 Traceability

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
John Butler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Global Marketplace ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage ◽  
Final Rule

Abstract Animal disease traceability—or knowing where diseased and at-risk animals are, where they’ve been, and when—is important to ensuring a rapid response when animal disease events take place. Although animal disease traceability does not prevent disease, an efficient and accurate traceability system reduces the number of animals and response time involved in a disease investigation; which, in turn, reduces the economic impact on owners and affected communities. The current approach to traceability in the United States is the result of significant discussion and compromise. Federal policy regarding traceability has been amended several times over the past decade based on stakeholder feedback, particularly from the cattle industry. In early 2010, USDA announced a new approach for responding to and controlling animal diseases, referred to as the ADT framework. USDA published a proposed rule, “Traceability for Livestock Moving Interstate,” on August 11, 2011, and the final rule on January 9, 2013. Under the final rule, unless specifically exempted, livestock moved interstate must be officially identified and accompanied by an interstate certificate of veterinary inspection (ICVI) or other documentation. However, these requirements do not apply to all cattle. Beef cattle under 18 months of age, unless they are moved interstate for shows, exhibitions, rodeos, or recreational events, are exempt from the official identification requirement in this rule. We can do better. Our industry must recognize how vulnerable we really are, should we be subject to a disease such as foot and mouth. We must also understand what a competitive disadvantage the United States faces in the global marketplace without a recognized, industry-wide traceability system.

A Novel Approach to Nanoscale Materials Synthesis Using Industrial Laser Processing of Organosilazane Liquid Precursors

1990 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongsan D. Xiao ◽  
Peter R. Strutt ◽  
Kenneth E. Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Laser Plume ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Liquid Precursors ◽  
Short Time

ABSTRACTA new approach has been developed for the synthesis of nanoscale ceramic powder materials from liquid organosilazane precursors. This technique, by exploiting fast kinetic chemical and physical reactions, makes it possible to synthesize significant quantities of material in a relatively short time. In the current approach aerosols of a silazane monomer, (CH3SiHNH)n, (n = 3 or 4), of mol. wt. 280–320, are injected into the beam of a cw industrial CO2 laser to obtain nanoscale ceramic powders. Injection of the aerosol into the laser-beam results in a high-temperature plume. Rapid condensation of the molecular precursor species emerging from the laser plume results in the formation of preceramic polymer particles, with an average diameter of 62 nm. One attractive feature of this process is that 70 wt.% of the liquid precursor is converted into nanoscale powders. Another feature is that only a further 10 wt.% loss occurs during post thermal treatment to form the end-product.

Drug Discovery

2018 ◽  
pp. 399-404
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Discovery Process ◽  
Drug Discovery Process ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Clinical Indications ◽  
The Future ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses

Newer and better medications are obtained as part of the drug discovery process, which occurs mainly in the pharmaceutical industry. This process is hampered by excessive attention to marketing demands, as opposed to scientific exploration. It also is impaired by the psychiatric profession’s mistaken ideologies, whether psychoanalytic orthodoxy in the past or DSM beliefs of the present. Wrong clinical phenotypes impair finding new pharmacological mechanisms and targeting them well to the write clinical indications. Perhaps as a consequence, no treatments have been developed in the last few decades, since DSM-III, that are more effective than prior agents. Progress for the future in drug discovery will require not just better neurobiological work, but also a new approach to clinical diagnoses in psychiatry.

scholarly journals The zone of latent solutions and its relevance to understanding ape cultures

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Tennie ◽  
Elisa Bandini ◽  
Carel P. van Schaik ◽  
Lydia M. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Learning Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Do So

Abstract The zone of latent solutions (ZLS) hypothesis provides an alternative approach to explaining cultural patterns in primates and many other animals. According to the ZLS hypothesis, non-human great ape (henceforth: ape) cultures consist largely or solely of latent solutions. The current competing (and predominant) hypothesis for ape culture argues instead that at least some of their behavioural or artefact forms are copied through specific social learning mechanisms (“copying social learning hypothesis”) and that their forms may depend on copying (copying-dependent forms). In contrast, the ape ZLS hypothesis does not require these forms to be copied. Instead, it suggests that several (non-form-copying) social learning mechanisms help determine the frequency (but typically not the form) of these behaviours and artefacts within connected individuals. The ZLS hypothesis thus suggests that increases and stabilisations of a particular behaviour’s or artefact’s frequency can derive from socially-mediated (cued) form reinnovations. Therefore, and while genes and ecology play important roles as well, according to the ape ZLS hypothesis, apes typically acquire the forms of their behaviours and artefacts individually, but are usually socially induced to do so (provided sufficient opportunity, necessity, motivation and timing). The ZLS approach is often criticized—perhaps also because it challenges the current null hypothesis, which instead assumes a requirement of form-copying social learning mechanisms to explain many ape behavioural (and/or artefact) forms. However, as the ZLS hypothesis is a new approach, with less accumulated literature compared to the current null hypothesis, some confusion is to be expected. Here, we clarify the ZLS approach—also in relation to other competing hypotheses—and address misconceptions and objections. We believe that these clarifications will provide researchers with a coherent theoretical approach and an experimental methodology to examine the necessity of form-copying variants of social learning in apes, humans and other species.

scholarly journals Beyond crime rates and community surveys: a new approach to police accountability and performance measurement

Crime Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarah Hodgkinson ◽  
Tullio Caputo ◽  
Michael L. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Police Performance ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Networked Governance ◽  
Police Organizations ◽  
Police Accountability ◽  
And Performance

Abstract In this conceptual piece, we argue that the current approach to police performance measurement typically based on the use of traditional police metrics has failed to achieve the desired results and that a different strategy is required. Traditional police metrics have a narrow focus on crime and the police response to it. They provide little information on how well police organizations are performing. Importantly, traditional police metrics do not incorporate input from police stakeholders in goal identification, nor do they use specifically designed indicators to assess progress towards achieving these goals. Following an analysis of the criticisms levelled at the use of traditional police metrics, and subsequent attempts to address these issues, we argue that a networked governance approach represents a more promising foundation for undertaking police organizational performance assessment. Such an approach would engage stakeholders more directly in goal identification and performance assessment, and potentially lead to more successful, responsive and accountable policing.

scholarly journals Sex hormone therapy and progression of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 (13) ◽  
pp. 1065-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabe E. Alhurani ◽  
C. Anwar A. Chahal ◽  
Ahmed T. Ahmed ◽  
Essa A. Mohamed ◽  
Virginia M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Cv Disease

Menopausal hormone treatments (MHT) relieve symptoms of menopause. However, their long-term effects on reducing chronic conditions of aging, in particular, cardiovascular (CV) disease, are controversial. With the changes in clinical practice towards lower doses and differing formulations of these products, future investigations into CV consequences of these treatments will be challenging. The current approach to individualizing MHT considers the severity of the menopausal symptoms, a personalized risk assessment, and the patient's personal preferences [1]. Further study is needed to determine whether accounting for genetic variants of oestrogen metabolism and the influence of genetic variants contributing to complex traits, such as those defining CV disease, with the hormone treatment (pharmacogenomics of hormones) will assist in personalizing treatment and benefit CV health. In order for a precise, personalized approach to maximize benefit and reduce risk of menopausal hormones to become a reality, algorithms will need to include genotype in conjunction with the treatment goal (symptom relief), consideration of other medications and environmental factors.

Assessment of changes to Saudi Labour Law regarding unfair dismissal of employees

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshal Nayef Alharbi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unfair Dismissal ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
The Right ◽  
Labour Disputes ◽  
Employee Dismissal

Purpose Saudi Arabia recently amended the Labour Law provisions governing the unfair dismissal of employees in the private sector. The previous version of the legislation, which had been in force for many years, had entitled employees to demand reinstatement or make a claim for fair financial compensation equal to the damages sustained. The recent amendments eliminated the right of a dismissed employee to seek reinstatement and also revised the rules relating to monetary compensation. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse and evaluate the new approach, which has been criticized heavily. In addition, it suggests feasible alternative ways to handle unfair employee dismissal, which can be incorporated into the current Saudi Labour Law. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an analysis of the existing approach to dealing with unfair employee termination in the Saudi Labour Law. It is based mainly on information collected from various legal materials, such as books, review of judgments issued by the Commission for the Settlement of Labour Disputes in Saudi Arabia and relevant Islamic rules. Findings The results of this examination clearly show that there are several flaws in the current approach to dealing with the issue of unfair dismissal of employees. To correct this situation, workable approaches have been suggested for possible consideration and incorporation into the Saudi Labour Law. Originality/value To the author’s knowledge, this is the first academic study to analyse the current approach to handling unfair employee dismissal in the Saudi Labour Law.

In the Common Good: The Need for a New Approach to Funding Australia's Schools

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common

This article considers evidence which suggests that Australia's current approach to the funding of non-government schools does not serve the common good. Educational provision is now segmented and a majority of private schools have resources that are either moderately or highly superior to those available in public schools. The current funding system has failed to coordinate the activities of public and private providers, leading to duplication of provision, reductions in economies of scale, and increases in per-student costs. Students whose backgrounds and disabilities make them relatively costly to teach are heavily concentrated in the public sector. Private sector recurrent subsidies are tied to public sector per-student costs, forcing Australian taxpayers into an upward spiral of increasing outlays. The article concludes by outlining some proposals for change that would lead to a new approach to funding Australia's schools.

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