Immunological and clinical aspects of lymphocytic hypophysitis

2008 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria De Bellis ◽  
Giuseppe Ruocco ◽  
Marina Battaglia ◽  
Marisa Conte ◽  
Concetta Coronella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Antipituitary Antibodies ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Pituitary Enlargement

LYH (lymphocytic hypophysitis) is an autoimmune disease of the pituitary gland which can present with varying degrees of pituitary hormonal impairment and/or with symptoms related to pituitary enlargement. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and the role of organ-specific and antipituitary antibodies as potential markers of LYH. In addition, although the mechanisms underlying LYH are not completely understood, the role of prolactin, which plays an important part in maintaining immune system homoeostasis and is increased in the disease, is considered.

scholarly journals An Interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 Immunoregulatory Circuit Controls Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disease

1998 ◽  
Vol 187 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Segal ◽  
Bonnie K. Dwyer ◽  
Ethan M. Shevach
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Th Cell ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Cytokine Networks

Cells of the innate immune system secrete cytokines early in immune responses that guide maturing T helper (Th) cells along appropriate lineages. This study investigates the role of cytokine networks, bridging the innate and acquired immune systems, in the pathogenesis of an organ specific autoimmune disease. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is widely used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. We demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-12 is essential for the generation of the autoreactive Th1 cells that induce EAE, both in the presence and absence of interferon γ. The disease-promoting effects of IL-12 are antagonized by IL-10 produced by an antigen nonspecific CD4+ T cell which, in turn, is regulated by the endogenous production of IL-12. This unique immunoregulatory circuit appears to play a critical role in controlling Th cell differentiation and provides a mechanism by which microbial triggers of the innate immune system can modulate autoimmune disease.

scholarly journals Pituitary autoantibodies in patients with hypopituitarism and their relatives

1998 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Stromberg ◽  
P Crock ◽  
A Lernmark ◽  
AL Hulting
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Endocrine Disease ◽  
Cytosolic Protein ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Immunological Process ◽  
End Stage

Autoantibodies to human pituitary cytosol proteins were determined by immunoblotting in sera from patients with hypopituitarism and their relatives. Reactivity to an M(r) 49,000 protein was significantly more frequent in patients (6/21 (28%) P < 0.05) as well as in relatives (10/35 (28%) P < 0.02) compared with controls (3/44 (6.8%)). Autoantibodies to this particular protein have previously been detected in sera from 70% of patients with biopsy-proven lymphocytic hypophysitis. Unlike patients with biopsy-proven lymphocytic hypophysitis, none of the patients in this study presented with a suspected pituitary adenoma or showed an enlarged sella turcica. Cisternal herniation was seen in 6/21 patients and this may very well represent the end stage of lymphocytic hypophysitis. Since organ specific autoantibodies are frequent in patients with autoimmune endocrine disease as well as in their unaffected relatives, autoantibodies to this M(r) 49,000 pituitary cytosolic protein may represent markers for an immunological process affecting the pituitary gland.

scholarly journals Detection of autoantibodies against the pituitary-specific proteins in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis

2002 ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tanaka ◽  
KI Tatsumi ◽  
M Kimura ◽  
T Takano ◽  
Y Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Pituitary Macroadenoma ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Lymphocytic Adenohypophysitis ◽  
Pituitary Enlargement ◽  
Tsh Deficiency

OBJECTIVE: Several reports have described antipituitary antibodies by immunofluorescent or immunoblotting methods in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. However, with the exception of the pituitary hormones, individual antigens specific for the pituitary gland have not been studied. To understand the pathogenesis of lymphocytic hypophysitis and to diagnose this disease efficiently, we studied the presence of autoantibodies against three pituitary-specific proteins, GH and two novel pituitary-specific proteins, namely, pituitary gland specific factor 1a (PGSF1a) and PGSF2. DESIGN: Seventeen patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis, all of whom had pituitary enlargement (5 with lymphocytic adenohypophysitis and 12 with lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis, including 3 of the latter group proven by biopsy), and 14 patients with hypopituitarism without pituitary enlargement (10 with isolated ACTH deficiency and 4 with idiopathic TSH deficiency) were studied, and compared with 11 patients with non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma, 31 patients with other autoimmune diseases, and 36 healthy controls. METHODS: The presence of each antibody was studied by radioligand assay using recombinant human (35)S-labeled protein. RESULTS: Three (18%) patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis having pituitary enlargement, five (36%) patients with hypopituitarism without pituitary enlargement and three (9.7%) patients with other autoimmune diseases were positive for one or more of the antibodies studied. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-human GH, anti-PGSF1a, and anti-PGSF2 antibodies were detected in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis and other hypopituitarism, but were not detected in patients with non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. Detection of these antibodies may be useful for the diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis.

scholarly journals Role of the thymus in spontaneous development of a multi-organ autoimmune disease in human immune system mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 102612
Author(s):  
Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei ◽  
HaoWei Li ◽  
Markus Hoelzl ◽  
Guiling Zhao ◽  
Amanda Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

scholarly journals Autoimmune Disorders & COVID-19

Medicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Leonardo Freire-de-Lima ◽  
Aline Miranda Scovino ◽  
Camilla Cristie Barreto Menezes ◽  
Leonardo Marques da Fonseca ◽  
Jhenifer Santos dos Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
The World ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can progress to severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and is aggravated by the deregulation of the immune system causing an excessive inflammation including the cytokine storm. Since 2019, several studies regarding the interplay between autoimmune diseases and COVID-19 infections is increasing all over the world. In addition, thanks to new scientific findings, we actually know better why certain conditions are considered a higher risk in both situations. There are instances when having an autoimmune disease increases susceptibility to COVID-19 complications, such as when autoantibodies capable of neutralizing type I IFN are present, and other situations in which having COVID-19 infection precedes the appearance of various autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, including multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), thus, adding to the growing mystery surrounding the SARS-CoV-2 virus and raising questions about the nature of its link with autoimmune and autoinflammatory sequelae. Herein, we discuss the role of host and virus genetics and some possible immunological mechanisms that might lead to the disease aggravation.

scholarly journals The Kynurenine Pathway—New Linkage between Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmune Endocrinopathies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9879
Author(s):  
Anna Krupa ◽  
Irina Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is highly regulated in the immune system, where it promotes immunosuppression in response to infection or inflammation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the main enzyme of KP, has a broad spectrum of activity on immune cells regulation, controlling the balance between stimulation and suppression of the immune system at sites of local inflammation, relevant to a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Various autoimmune diseases, among them endocrinopathies, have been identified to date, but despite significant progress in their diagnosis and treatment, they are still associated with significant complications, morbidity, and mortality. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the onset and development of autoimmune disease remain poorly clarified so far. In breaking of tolerance, the cells of the innate immunity provide a decisive microenvironment that regulates immune cells’ differentiation, leading to activation of adaptive immunity. The current review provided a comprehensive presentation of the known role of IDO1 and KP activation in the regulation of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Significant attention has been paid to the immunoregulatory role of IDO1 in the most prevalent, organ-specific autoimmune endocrinopathies—type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune thyroiditis.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Application of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1144
Author(s):  
Ju Hun Suh ◽  
Hyeon Su Joo ◽  
Eun Be Hong ◽  
Hyeon Ji Lee ◽  
Jung Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Therapeutic Application

Immunomodulation is on the cusp of being an important therapy for treating many diseases, due to the significant role of the immune system in defending the human body. Although the immune system is an essential defense system, overactivity can result in diverse sicknesses such as inflammation and autoimmune disease. Exosomes are emerging as a state-of-the-art therapeutic strategy for treating an overactive immune system. Thus, in this review, we will thoroughly review therapeutic applications of exosomes in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Finally, issues for an outlook to the future of exosomal therapy will be introduced.

A novel role of autoantibody in organ-specific autoimmune disease: directing the location of T cell-mediated inflammation

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Ya-Huan Lou ◽  
Kwan-Kyu Park ◽  
Sally Agersberg ◽  
Nathen Griggs ◽  
Kenneth S.K. Tung
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Organ Specific
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