The Effect of Serotonergic Dysfunction and Hypercortisolaemia on the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory and Executive Function

2002 ◽  
Vol 103 (s47) ◽  
pp. 64P-64P
Author(s):  
R.H. McAllister-Williams ◽  
M. Garside ◽  
F.C. Hsu ◽  
A.E. Massey ◽  
M.D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Serotonergic Dysfunction

Exploring the pattern and neural correlates of neuropsychological impairment in late-life depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1195-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Sexton ◽  
L. McDermott ◽  
U. G. Kalu ◽  
L. L. Herrmann ◽  
K. M. Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Anterior Thalamic Radiation

BackgroundNeuropsychological impairment is a key feature of late-life depression, with deficits observed across multiple domains. However, it is unclear whether deficits in multiple domains represent relatively independent processes with specific neural correlates or whether they can be explained by cognitive deficits in executive function or processing speed.MethodWe examined group differences across five domains (episodic memory; executive function; language skills; processing speed; visuospatial skills) in a sample of 36 depressed participants and 25 control participants, all aged ⩾60 years. The influence of executive function and processing speed deficits on other neuropsychological domains was also investigated. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of executive function, processing speed and episodic memory were explored in the late-life depression group.ResultsRelative to controls, the late-life depression group performed significantly worse in the domains of executive function, processing speed, episodic memory and language skills. Impairments in executive function or processing speed were sufficient to explain differences in episodic memory and language skills. Executive function was correlated with anisotropy of the anterior thalamic radiation and uncinate fasciculus; processing speed was correlated with anisotropy of genu of the corpus callosum. Episodic memory was correlated with anisotropy of the anterior thalamic radiation, the genu and body of the corpus callosum and the fornix.ConclusionsExecutive function and processing speed appear to represent important cognitive deficits in late-life depression, which contribute to deficits in other domains, and are related to reductions in anisotropy in frontal tracts.

scholarly journals Effects of physical activity on cognitive function among patients with diabetes in China: a nationally longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anying Bai ◽  
Liyuan Tao ◽  
Jia Huang ◽  
Jing Tao ◽  
Jue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Lagged Dependent Variable

Abstract Background We aimed to examine the effect of physical activity on different cognitive domains among patients with diabetes. Methods We used two waves of data from the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2013–2015), a nationally representative dataset of Chinese population aged over 45. Total physical activity scores were calculated based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Executive function and episodic memory were used as measures of cognitive function. We conducted lagged dependent variable models to explore the association between physical activity and cognitive function in full sample as well as two different age groups (45–65, ≥65). Results: 862 diabetic patients were included. We found that diabetic participants who had greater level of physical activity at baseline were associated with better episodic memory function in 2 years (p < 0.05). Moreover, physical activity was significantly associated with less decline in episodic memory in fully adjusted models, and the associations were stronger among patients aged 45–65 years (p < 0.05). No statistically significant association was found between physical activity and executive function in all age groups. Conclusions Physical activity may prevent some of the potential decline in episodic memory in diabetic patients. Clinicians and public health departments should strengthen the promotion of physical activity and develop early screening tools among diabetic participants to prevent the progression of cognitive impairment.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Cognitive Function: The Roles of Cumulative Stress Exposures Across the Life Course

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 504-504
Author(s):  
Ruijia Chen ◽  
Jennifer Weuve ◽  
Laura Kubzansky ◽  
David Williams
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coping Resources ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cumulative Stress ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Introduction: Racial disparities in cognitive function have been well-documented in the literature, but factors driving the disparities remain under explored. This study aims to quantify the extent to which cumulative stress exposures across the life course explain Black–White disparities in executive function and episodic memory. Method: Data were drawn from the 2004–2006 wave of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) and the MIDUS refresher study (N=5,967, 5,277 White, 690 Black). Cumulative stress exposures were assessed by using 10 domains of stressors (e.g., financial stress, childhood adversity). Cognitive function was assessed using the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone. Marginal structural models were conducted to quantify the proportion of the effect of race/ethnicity status on cognitive function that can be explained by cumulative stress exposures. Result: Blacks reported higher levels of cumulative stress exposures and lower average levels of executive function and episodic memory than Whites. Cumulative stress exposures explained 8.43% of the disparities in executive function and 13.21 % of the disparities in episodic memory. Cumulative stress exposures had stronger effects on racial disparities in cognitive function in the older age group (age≥ 55 years old) than in the younger age group (age &lt; 55 years old). Conclusion: Cumulative stress exposures explain modest proportions of racial disparities in levels of cognitive function. Interventions that focus on reducing stress exposures or improving coping resources among Blacks may help lessen racial disparities in cognitive function at the population level.

scholarly journals Effects of ketamine on brain function during metacognition of episodic memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Lehmann ◽  
Claudia Neumann ◽  
Sven Wasserthal ◽  
Johannes Schultz ◽  
Achilles Delis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Lingual Gyrus ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Abstract Only little research has been conducted on the pharmacological underpinnings of metacognition. Here, we tested the modulatory effects of a single intravenous dose (100 ng/ml) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-glutamate-receptor antagonist ketamine, a compound known to induce altered states of consciousness, on metacognition and its neural correlates. Fifty-three young, healthy adults completed two study phases of an episodic memory task involving both encoding and retrieval in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI study. Trial-by-trial confidence ratings were collected during retrieval. Effects on the subjective state of consciousness were assessed using the 5D-ASC questionnaire. Confirming that the drug elicited a psychedelic state, there were effects of ketamine on all 5D-ASC scales. Acute ketamine administration during retrieval had deleterious effects on metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d′) and led to larger metacognitive bias, with retrieval performance (d′) and reaction times remaining unaffected. However, there was no ketamine effect on metacognitive efficiency (meta-d′/d′). Measures of the BOLD signal revealed that ketamine compared to placebo elicited higher activation of posterior cortical brain areas, including superior and inferior parietal lobe, calcarine gyrus, and lingual gyrus, albeit not specific to metacognitive confidence ratings. Ketamine administered during encoding did not significantly affect performance or brain activation. Overall, our findings suggest that ketamine impacts metacognition, leading to significantly larger metacognitive bias and deterioration of metacognitive sensitivity as well as unspecific activation increases in posterior hot zone areas of the neural correlates of consciousness.

Neural correlates of episodic memory change in increasing age: a longitudinal event-related potential study

Neuroreport ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Lina F. Guerrero ◽  
Badiâa Bouazzaoui ◽  
Michel Isingrini ◽  
Emilie Alibran ◽  
Lucie Angel
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Memory Change ◽  
Potential Study

Abstract P268: Greater Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes as Compared to Non-diabetic Controls: Results From the Study of Longevity in Diabetes (SOLID)

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E Lacy ◽  
Paola Gilsanz ◽  
Chloe Eng ◽  
Michal S Beeri ◽  
Andrew J Karter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Introduction: Studies have shown poorer cognitive function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) as compared to non-diabetic peers. However, little is known about cognitive function in older adults with T1D. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that older adults with T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D) would have greater cognitive impairment than age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education-matched controls without diabetes. Methods: We compared baseline cognitive impairment among older adults (aged ≥60) from the Study of Longevity in Diabetes (SOLID) with T1D (n=771), T2D (=234) and no diabetes (n=253). Cognitive tests assessed three cognitive domains identified via factor analysis (language, executive function, episodic memory). All cognitive test scores were standardized and cognitive impairment was defined as 1.5 SD below the mean. In logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, and race/ethnicity, we examined the association between diabetes status (T1D, T2D or no diabetes) and cognition on each cognitive domain and on global cognition (average of scores on the 3 domains). Results: In adjusted regression models, compared to older adults without diabetes, those with T1D were more likely to have impaired cognitive function on the language (OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.17) and executive function domains (OR=2.66, 95% CI: 1.36, 5.22). No significant differences in global cognitive impairment or impairment on the episodic memory domain were observed for T1D and no significant differences on any domain were observed for T2D. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that older adults with T1D have greater cognitive impairment than their peers without diabetes; findings were specific to the language and executive function domains, with episodic memory being unaffected. No increase in cognitive impairment was observed for older adults with T2D. Additional research is needed to understand the causes and potentially modifiable factors associated with impaired cognition among older adults with T1D.

scholarly journals A-027 Differentiating HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder from Alzheimer’s Disease: A Neuropsychological Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-817
Author(s):  
Eilenberger D
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Weighted Effect Size ◽  
Weighted Effect ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

Abstract Objective This meta-analysis examined the potential for executive function, episodic memory, and motor function to differentiate HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in an attempt to aid in accurate differential diagnosis. Data Selection The literature search identified records investigating neuropsychological test performance associated with HAND and AD. Databases used were: PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, and Medline with Full Text. Eligibility was assessed using the following inclusion criteria: (a) study examines HAND or AD, (b) diagnosis is determined using standard diagnostic criteria, (c) study contains data regarding executive function, episodic memory, and/or motor function, (d) study published in English, (e) study is quantitative, and (f) study contains statistical information for effect size calculations. A total of 947 relevant studies were initially identified. Twenty studies were included. Data Synthesis Group difference effect sizes were converted/calculated using Cohen’s d and Cohen’s (1998) conventions. Three weighted effect sizes were calculated for constructs of interest for each disorder. Weighted effect size for executive function was large for each group (HAND d = 1.28; AD d = 1.57). A large weighted effect size for episodic memory in AD (AD d = −2.17) and a medium effect size for HAND (HAND d = −0.65) were calculated. A large weighted effect size was determined for motor function in AD (d = 3.60), while a small effect size was calculated for HAND (d = 0.27). Conclusions Level of impairment in episodic memory and motor function can be used to differentiate HAND from AD. Executive function lacked differences needed for diagnostic differentiation. Future research should be done directly comparing neuropsychological performance between HAND and AD.

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