Chronic exogenous hyperinsulinaemia-induced hypertension in pregnant rats: effect of chronic treatment with l-arginine

2001 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo PODJARNY ◽  
Michael BURSZTYN ◽  
Gloria RASHED ◽  
Sidney BENCHETRIT ◽  
Bernard KATZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Hypertension In Pregnancy ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
In Pregnancy

Recent studies have shown that maternal hyperinsulinaemia is a risk factor for the development of hypertension in pregnancy. Experimentally, pregnant rats with chronic exogenously induced hyperinsulinaemia (P-INS rats) have increased blood pressure at the end of gestation. This is associated with a blunted elevation of the excretion of the urinary metabolites of nitrate (UNOx). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the mechanism(s) of the increase in blood pressure in this model. Four groups were studied: normal pregnant rats (P rats), P-INS rats, P-INS rats treated with l-arginine (2 g/l in the drinking water) (l-ARG rats) and hyperinsulinaemic virgin rats (V-INS rats). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), UNOx excretion (on ingestion of a controlled low-nitrate diet), urine noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and plasma endothelin levels were evaluated. Rats were killed on day 22 of pregnancy. Five P-INS rats were not killed at this time, in order to measure SBP 30 and 60 days after delivery. Fetal number and fetal body weight were evaluated. At the end of pregnancy, a 10±3% increase in SBP was found in P-INS rats, contrasting with a fall of -15±4% in P rats (P < 0.01). In the l-ARG group at the end of pregnancy, SBP values had fallen by -14±2%, to values comparable with those of P rats. The increase in UNOx excretion was 175±38% in P rats, 106±12% in l-ARG rats and 41±8% in P-INS rats (P < 0.01 compared with P and l-ARG groups). No differences were found in the urinary excretion of noradrenaline or in the plasma levels of endothelin-1 between the pregnant groups. Fetal number was similar in all groups, but fetal body weight was lower for P-INS rats compared with P and l-ARG rats. Thus the blood pressure response to l-arginine strongly suggests that a decrease in NO availability may be the main pathogenic mechanism involved in the development of hypertension in this model.

scholarly journals Chronic exogenous hyperinsulinemia in pregnancy: a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension.

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
E Podjarny ◽  
J Bernheim ◽  
B Katz ◽  
J Green ◽  
J Mekler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Hypertension In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are associated with essential hypertension. There is also evidence of hyperinsulinemia in women who developed hypertension in pregnancy (P). The present study examines whether chronic hyperinsulinemia in pregnant rats plays a role in the development of hypertension in pregnancy. A sustained-release insulin pellet was implanted subcutaneously in 15 Wistar rats (P-INS) 1 wk before and on day 7 of pregnancy; 14 control rats were sham-implanted (P-SHAM). Tail-cuff systolic BP (SBP), serum triglycerides, glucose, insulin, renal function, and urinary excretion of Na+ and of metabolites of nitric oxide were determined throughout pregnancy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with basal body weight as covariate analysis of covariance. Results are expressed as the mean +/- SD. Body weight; water and food intake; urine volume; creatinine clearance; and level of proteinuria at the end of pregnancy were similar in both groups. The number of fetuses was 9 +/- 2.3 in P-INS versus 11 +/- 2.4 in pregnant control rats (P < 0.05). Before mating, SBP was similar, but at the end of pregnancy SBP was 110 +/- 18 mmHg in P-INS versus 85 +/- 12 mmHg in pregnant rats (P < 0.05). Serum triglycerides and Na+ were also higher in P-INS rats. The fractional excretion of Na+ was 3.1 +/- 1.0 versus 4.4 +/- 1.5, respectively (P < 0.01). The percent increase in nitric oxide metabolite excretion was 233 +/- 14 versus 370 +/- 17%, respectively (P < 0.01). Chronic hyperinsulinemia, without sugar supplementation, and hypertriglyceridemia may cause a decrease in the synthesis of nitric oxide in P-INS rats. The development of hypertension in these rats may be associated with an impaired vasodilatation, together with an increased renal sodium reabsorption.

scholarly journals Prognostic values of high blood pressure duringpregnancy

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Baranova ◽  
O. Bolshakova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Hypertension In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Arterial hypertension in pregnancy is now believed to be a risk factor for future maternal cardiovascular diseases. Despite the low immediate cardiovascular risk in a population of young women, a pregnancy complicated with hypertension carries a significant additional risk of future disease.

Managing high blood pressure in pregnancy

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (14) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽  
Hypertension In Pregnancy ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
In Pregnancy

Raised arterial blood pressure is common in pregnancy. Usually it is due solely to the pregnancy and resolves within days or weeks of delivery (pregnancy-induced hypertension – PIH). Occasionally it is chronic hypertension which predates or begins during pregnancy; it persists after delivery. In some women it is a mixture of both, with pregnancy-induced hypertension superimposed on existing chronic hypertension. In this article we discuss the risks to mother and fetus of hypertension in pregnancy and review its prevention and management.

Abstract P392: Childhood Risk Factors and Adulthood Risk of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengxu Li ◽  
Xu Xiong ◽  
Camilo Fernandez ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Sathanur S Srinivasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Normal Blood Pressure ◽  
Bogalusa Heart Study ◽  
Hypertension In Pregnancy ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Childhood Risk Factors ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Hypertension in pregnancy is an important cause of both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Whether hypertension in pregnancy has its risk factor(s) in childhood is not known. The objective of this study was to examine the association between childhood risk factors and hypertension in pregnancy later in life. Methods: A nested case-control analysis was performed based on the longitudinal Bogalusa Heart Study cohort (67% white and 33% black), with an average follow-up period of 26.2 years. Cases were defined as women who had hypertension during pregnancy and had normal blood pressure measurements after the pregnancy (n=82). Controls were defined as women with normal blood pressure without hypertension in pregnancy (n=454). Childhood risk factors included body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols, and triglycerides. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), with childhood risk factors standardized to age- and race-specific z-scores based on the total population of 5419 female subjects. Results: Cases and controls had comparable age in childhood (10.1 vs 9.8 years, P=0.53). Cases vs controls had higher BMI (19.1 vs 17.6 kg/m2, P<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (101.8 vs 99.2 mm Hg, P=0.002) in childhood. In univariable analysis, significant childhood predictors for having hypertension in pregnancy included BMI (OR corresponding to 1 age- and race-specific standard deviation change =1.45, 95% CI: 1.15-1.83) and systolic blood pressure (1.48, 1.15-1.89). BMI and systolic blood pressure remained as significant predictors for having hypertension in pregnancy in multiple regression analysis (1.34, 1.03-1.75 and 1.33, 1.01-1.74, respectively). Conclusions: Childhood BMI and systolic blood pressure are significant predictors for having pregnancy-induced hypertension in adulthood, which underscores the importance of childhood risk factors assessment and early intervention.

Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavitha Vellanki ◽  
Susan Hou
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Pressure Target ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Hypertension In Pregnancy ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders ◽  
Few Data ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
New Onset

Hypertensive disorders are the second leading cause of maternal mortality in the United States. Hypertension in pregnancy is defined as blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg systolic or greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg diastolic, measured on at least two separate occasions. Preeclampsia, as per the new guidelines, is characterized by the new onset of hypertension and either proteinuria or other end-organ dysfunction, more often after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive pregnant woman. New-onset proteinuria is not required for diagnosis of preeclampsia if there is evidence of other end-organ damage—a change from previous classifications. Although no screening test has yet proven accurate enough to predict preeclampsia, the use of a combination of the serologic factors seems promising. There are few data to support any specific blood pressure target in pregnancy. Although there is a general consensus on treating severe hypertension in pregnancy, there is a difference of opinion on treating mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy. Avoiding uteroplacental ischemia and minimizing fetal exposure to adverse effects of medications are as important as avoiding maternal complications from high blood pressure during pregnancy. This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables, and 73 references.

Adrenolytic and sympatholytic action of certain dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids (Hydergine) on dog kidney

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
W. G. Kubicek
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Intravenous Dose ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Dog Kidney ◽  
Sympatholytic Action

Adrenolytic action of dihydrogenated (DH) ergot alkaloids was estimated in denervated dog kidneys and the sympatholytic action was estimated on electrically stimulated renal nerves. Blood sugar level, hematocrit, blood pressure and pulse rate were observed in most of the experiments. The minimal effective intravenous dose of Hydergine or its components to block the epinephrine vasoconstriction in the denervated kidneys was approximately 3.5 μg/kg of body weight while a somewhat larger dose was required to block sympathetic nerve impulse transmission. Oral administration of these alkaloids required a dosage approximately ten times the minimal effective intravenous dose. The DH ergot alkaloids reduced the epinephrine-induced hypertension and had little if any effect upon the hyperglycemia and elevated hematocrit observed during continuous epinephrine infusions. Submitted on May 29, 1959

The renin-aldosterone system in pre-eclampsia, essential and transient hypertension during pregnancy, and normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant control subjects

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Pedersen ◽  
A. B. Rasmussen ◽  
P. Johannesen ◽  
H. J. Kornerup ◽  
S. Kristensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Hypertension In Pregnancy ◽  
Normotensive Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract. Plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and blood pressure were determined in the third trimester in pregnancy, 5 days and 6 months after delivery in pre-eclampsia, essential and transient hypertension in pregnancy and in normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant control subjects. PRC and PAC were elevated several fold above non-pregnant level in all groups during pregnancy. In pre-eclampsia PRC and PAC were 220 and 160%, respectively, above the levels 6 months after delivery, and thus lower than the corresponding values, 360 and 402%, in normotensive pregnancy. In essential and transient hypertension PRC and PAC increased to the same degree as during normotensive pregnancy. Urinary sodium excretion, serum sodium and creatinine clearance were reduced in pre-eclampsia, but not in essential and transient hypertension when compared to normotensive pregnant controls. All the parameters determined were the same as in non-pregnant controls 6 months after delivery in all groups. There were no correlations between blood pressure and PRC or PAC in any of the groups neither in pregnancy nor after delivery. It is concluded that the renin-aldosterone system is stimulated in lesser degree in pre-eclampsia than in both essential hypertension, transient hypertension and normotensive pregnancy, and there was no evidence for a causal relationship between the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure neither in normotensive nor hypertensive pregnancy.

Blood Pressure Response to Physical Exercise in Healthy Adolescents and Adolescents with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

1994 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nordgren ◽  
U. Freyschuss ◽  
B. Persson
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Pressure Increase ◽  
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Dependent

1. Reference values for systolic blood pressure during exercise are provided for 88 healthy adolescents (12–22 years of age) of both sexes. Data were related to oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion, age, sex, body size and physcial fitness. 2. The same variables were measured in 55 adolescents of both sexes with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of about 12 years duration and were analysed with respect to the healthy control group, to degree of metabolic control and to late diabetic complications. 3. In healthy adolescents the pressure response was not related to sex or age. When compared with control subjects diabetic patients had a higher diastolic blood pressure at rest and a more marked blood pressure increase, 23 versus 19 mmHg W−1 kg−1 body weight, during exercise with no sex difference. The blood pressure rise was not related to metabolic control, glomerular hyperfiltration or physical fitness. 4. Prolonged exercise tests were no more informative regarding the blood pressure response to exercise than the stepwise increased load test. Analysing the blood pressure increase versus relative work load (W/kg body weight) during exercise reveals blood pressure differences otherwise not noted. A diabetic patient with blood pressure above the 97.5% confidence limit during exercise seems to have a higher risk of developing incipient nephropathy 5 years later.

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