Role of kinins in pain and hyperalgesia: psychophysical studies in a patient with kininogen deficiency

1992 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivasa N. Raja ◽  
James N. Campbell ◽  
Richard A. Meyer ◽  
Robert W. Colman
Keyword(s):  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Thenar Eminence ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Intradermal Administration ◽  
Heat Pain Threshold ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Psychophysical Studies

1. Bradykinin is considered to be an important mediator of pain and hyperalgesia associated with injury and inflammation. Psychophysical studies were conducted in a patient with complete kininogen deficiency to determine whether the absence of bradykinin was associated with abnormalities in pain sensibility. Pain evoked by heat stimuli to the thenar eminence was tested before and after a localized burn, which has been shown to cause hyperalgesia in normal subjects. In addition, pain evoked by intradermal administration of bradykinin (0.1–10 μg) to the forearm and the effects of bradykinin on pain induced by heat stimuli were studied. The patient rated the intensity of pain evoked by all heat stimuli relative to the pain induced by a 3s 45°C stimulus. 2. The patient's heat pain threshold (45°C) in the glabrous skin was similar to that of age-matched control subjects (n = 5) and to that previously observed in younger control subjects. 3. The burn resulted in a decrease in pain threshold and an increase in pain induced by suprathreshold stimuli. The magnitude of hyperalgesia was within the range observed in the age-matched control subjects and in younger control subjects. Thus, kinins are not essential for the development of hyperalgesia after heat injury. 4. In control subjects, intradermal injections of bradykinin produced pain and hyperalgesia to heat stimuli. In the patient, intradermal bradykinin injections induced minimal pain and no hyperalgesia to heat stimuli. Thus, congenital absence of kininogens may be associated with a deficiency in bradykinin receptors.

scholarly journals Testing Whether Suicide Capability Has a Dynamic Propensity: The Role of Affect and Arousal on Momentary Fluctuations in Suicide Capability

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyne C. Law ◽  
Michael D. Anestis
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Main Effects

To prevent suicidal behaviors, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and processes that enable an individual to act on suicidal thoughts. Suicide capability, which involves an increased pain tolerance and fearlessness of death, is a critical factor that enables an individual to endure the physical pain necessary to make a lethal suicide attempt. Extant research has largely conceptualized suicide capability as developing linearly in response to painful and provocative experiences, but the emerging literature on the temporal dynamics of suicide has been challenging the notion of linearity in suicide risk. Few studies have directly measured and compared changes in suicide capability in response to rumination on different affective states. We sought to experimentally test if rumination in the context of low vs. high arousal emotions will prompt distinct changes in two core components of suicide capability: pain tolerance and fearlessness of death on two undergraduate student samples. In both studies, participants provided measures of subjective emotional state as well as pain threshold, tolerance, and persistence before and after completing experimental manipulations which included both emotion and rumination induction procedures. In the second study, measures of fearlessness about death and physiological arousal (heart rate) were added to the experimental procedures. We found significant decreases in pain threshold, tolerance, and persistence following the experimental manipulations but found no main effects of rumination or suicide risk. These findings suggest that suicide capability can fluctuate but these changes may occur through a different mechanism and/or differ between individuals at varying levels of suicide risk.

The Role of Surface Information in Object Recognition: Studies of a Visual Form Agnosic and Normal Subjects

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1457-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Keith Humphrey ◽  
Melvyn A Goodale ◽  
Lorna S Jakobson ◽  
Philip Servos
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Natural Objects

Three experiments were conducted to explore the role of colour and other surface properties in object recognition. The effects of manipulating the availability of surface-based information on object naming in a patient with visual form agnosia and in two age-matched control subjects were examined in experiment 1. The objects were presented under seven different viewing conditions ranging from a full view of the actual objects to line drawings of those same objects. The presence of colour and other surface properties aided the recognition of natural objects such as fruits and vegetables in both the patient and the control subjects. Experiment 2 was focused on four of the critical viewing conditions used in experiment 1 but with a large sample of normal subjects. As in experiment 1, it was found that surface properties, particularly colour, aided the naming of natural objects. The presence of colour did not facilitate the naming of manufactured objects. Experiment 3 was focused on possible ways by which colour could assist in the recognition of natural objects and it was found that object naming was facilitated only if the objects were presented in their usual colour. The results of the experiments show that colour does improve recognition for some types of objects and that the improvement occurs at a high level of visual analysis.

Role of Vagal Airway Reflexes in Control of Ventilation in Pulmonary Fibrosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Savoy ◽  
S. Dhingra ◽  
N. R. Anthonisen
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Cough Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breath Cycle

1. in 10 patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in seven control subjects, we measured the pressure at the mouth 0.1 s after onset of an inspiration against occluded airway (P0.1), minute ventilation (VI), breathing frequency (fr), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory duration (Tl) and calculated the mean inspiratory flow (VT/Tl) and the fraction of the breath cycle devoted to inspiration (Tl/Ttot.). in the patients measurements were made at normal arterial oxygen saturations (Sao2), before and after lignocaine airway anaesthesia. 2. Efficacy of airway anaesthesia was tested by the cough response to citric acid inhalation. 3. in pulmonary fibrosis P0.1, f1 and VT/Tl were greater than in the control subjects, VT and Tl, were smaller and Tl/Ttot. and VI were not different. 4. Effective airway anaesthesia did not modify P0.1 and breathing pattern parameters observed in pulmonary fibrosis. 5. These results suggest that airway receptors do not contribute to a major extent to the control of breathing in pulmonary fibrosis.

Cholinergic modulation of GH secretion in acromegalic patients before and after pituitary surgery

1992 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Fiszlejder ◽  
Olga Penacini ◽  
Susana Ratz ◽  
Adriana Oneto ◽  
Maria Storani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Pituitary Surgery ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Transsphenoidal Adenomectomy ◽  
Ghrh Test

Cholinergic neurotransmission exerts a physiological control on GH secretion. Pirenzepine (Pz), an antagonist of muscarinic receptors, by enhancing hypothalamic somatostatin release, inhibits stimulated GH secretion in normal subjects but not in acromegalic patients. To address the hypothesis that a feedback effect of GH hypersecretion can be involved in this condition, GH responses to GHRH 1–29, 1 μg/kg iv, with and without administration of Pz, 40mg iv before tests, were investigated in eight acromegalic patients, before and 20–30 days after transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Pz diminished (p<0.001) the incremental area under the curve (AUC) of GH responses to GHRH in seven normal controls. In contrast, GHRH responsiveness in untreated acromegalic patients was not affected by Pz. Postoperative basal GH levels decreased by 62.4±14.9% (p<0.01). Pz inhibited GH responses to GHRH (p<0.01). Furthermore, a direct relationship (r = 0.73, p<0.01) between basal concentrations and the AUC of GH responses following Pz plus GHRH-test was found. The finding that muscarinic receptor activity recovered after the reduction of serum GH basal levels by pituitary surgery lends support to the proposed pathophysiological role of GH excess as a possible determinant factor in cholinergicsomatostatinergic dysfunction in acromegaly.

On the role of dopamine receptors in the central regulation of human TSH

1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Delitala ◽  
L. Devilla ◽  
A. Canessa ◽  
F. D'Asta
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
Substituted Benzamides

Abstract. The effects of acute administration of haloperidol (4 mg im) and pimozide (4 mg orally) on TSH and Prl secretion were studied in normal and hypothyroid man. The TRH-induced TSH secretion before and after pre-medication with pimozide and domperidone, a peripheral dopamine (DA) blocker, was also evaluated in a group of normal subjects. Haloperidol and pimozide induced a marked increment in serum Prl; mean Prl levels were still significantly elevated 12 h following pimozide administration. A small but significant TSH increase was observed following haloperidol and pimozide in normal as well as hypothyroid subjects. Both domperidone and pimozide significantly enhanced TRH-induced TSH release. In another experiment 3 women with primary thyroid failure received an infusion of DA (4 (μg/kg/min for 4 h) with and without domperidone administration. TSH and Prl levels were suppressed by DA, but the effect was completely abolished by domperidone. The results suggest that psychotrophic drugs, such as haloperidol and pimozide, can, like substituted benzamides, stimulate TSH release in man. Since domperidone and DA do not cross the blood-brain-barrier and domperidone significantly enhanced the TSH response to TRH, the data also support the hypothesis that human TSH is regulated by DA at the hypothalamus (median eminence) and/or pituitary level.

Lowering of serum T3 and rise in reverse T3 induced by glucagon infusion in anaesthetized dogs

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udaya M. Kabadi ◽  
Lester Dragstedt
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Reverse T3 ◽  
Significant Fall ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
Glucagon Injection ◽  
Control Study

Abstract. We recently demonstrated that lowering of T3 and a rise in rT3 observed in non-thyroidal illnesses could be induced by glucagon infusion in normal subjects without altering T4, Free T4 (FT4) and T3 resin uptake (T3RU) values suggesting that altered T4 metabolism may be mainly responsible for those changes. To further assess the role of altered T4 metabolism in these changes during induction of hyperglucagonaemia, we studied glucose, T4, FT4, T3RU, T3, and rT3 concentrations before and after iv glucagon injection (0.5 mg) for up to 3 h in 6 anaesthetized dogs, since thyroxinebinding globulin (TBG) concentration is known to be extremely low in dogs. A control study was conducted with iv normal saline (0.5 ml) injection. T4, FT4 and T3RU remained unchanged during both studies. A significant fall was noted in T3 with glucagon (ΔT3, 0.23 ± 0.06 nmol/l vs 0 ± 0.03 nmol/l with normal saline; P < 0.01). rT3 rose markedly following glucagon infusion (ΔrT3, 0.04 ± 0.011 nmol/l vs −0.017 ± 0.006 nmol/l with normal saline; P < 0.01). Moreover, areas under the curves for T3 and rT3 were markedly increased during glucagon infusion when compared to saline administration (P < 0.01 for both comparisons). Therefore, this study suggests that changes in T3 and rT3 concentrations observed in non-thyroidal illnesses may be attributed to hyperglucagonaemia and may be secondary to altered T4 metabolism as reflected by lowered T3/T4 and increased rT3/T4 ratio.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Tedizolid in Subjects with Renal or Hepatic Impairment

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 6471-6476 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Flanagan ◽  
S. L. Minassian ◽  
D. Morris ◽  
R. Ponnuraj ◽  
T. C. Marbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Impairment ◽  
Hepatic Impairment ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Severe Renal Impairment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crossover Fashion ◽  
Severe Hepatic Impairment ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACTTwo open-label, single-dose, parallel-group studies were conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the novel antibacterial tedizolid and the safety of tedizolid phosphate, its prodrug, in renally or hepatically impaired subjects. Tedizolid pharmacokinetics in subjects with severe renal impairment without dialysis support was compared with that of matched control subjects with normal renal function. Effects of hemodialysis on tedizolid pharmacokinetics were determined in a separate cohort of subjects undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Effects of hepatic impairment on tedizolid pharmacokinetics were determined in subjects with moderate or severe hepatic impairment and compared with those of matched control subjects with normal hepatic function. Each participant received a single oral (hepatic impairment) or intravenous (renal impairment) dose of tedizolid phosphate at 200 mg; hemodialysis subjects received two doses (separated by 7 days), before and after dialysis, in a crossover fashion. The pharmacokinetics of tedizolid was similar in subjects with severe renal impairment and controls (∼8% lower area under the concentration-time curve [AUC], with a nearly identical peak concentration) and in subjects undergoing hemodialysis before and after tedizolid phosphate administration (∼9% lower AUC, with a 15% higher peak concentration); <10% of the dose was removed during 4 h of hemodialysis. Tedizolid pharmacokinetics was only minimally altered in subjects with moderate or severe hepatic impairment; the AUC was increased approximately 22% and 34%, respectively, compared with that of subjects in the control group. Tedizolid phosphate was generally well tolerated in all participants. These results suggest that tedizolid phosphate dose adjustments are not necessary in patients with any degree of renal or hepatic impairment. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration numbers NCT01452828 [renal study] and NCT01431833 [hepatic study].)

Plasma N-POMC, ACTH and Cortisol Concentrations in a Psychogeriatric Population

1990 ◽  
Vol 156 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Leake ◽  
B. G. Charlton ◽  
P. J. Lowry ◽  
S. Jackson ◽  
A. Fairbairn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Alzheimer Type Dementia ◽  
Before And After

Elderly patients with depression and Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) were compared with age-matched control subjects using a protocol which measured Cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and N-terminal pro-opiomelanocortin (N-POMC) to determine diurnal variation and the effect of dexamethasone administration. Depressed patients had significantly elevated Cortisol concentrations both before and after dexamethasone administration. Basal ACTH and N-POMC concentrations were normal in depressed patients but were both elevated, compared with controls, after dexamethasone. By contrast, in ATD patients, Cortisol was elevated only after dexamethasone, as was ACTH, but not N-POMC. This may imply that the pattern of secretion of POMC-derived peptides underlying increased Cortisol secretion is different in ATD from that in depression.

Impaired prolactin response to hyperthermia in heroin addicts

1990 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Vescovi ◽  
M. Pedrazzoni ◽  
L. Maninetti ◽  
G. Pioli ◽  
G. Gerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Heroin Addicts ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Prolactin Response ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Chronic Drug Users ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract. The response of PRL, FSH and LH to saunainduced hyperthermia was examined in 8 male former heroin addicts (studied after 14-24 days of abstinence) and 8 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The basal levels of PRL tended to be higher in former drug users than in control subjects (p=0.07). After sauna, there were no changes in the addict group, whereas a significant increase was observed in normal subjects (p<0.001). Baseline plasma LH and FSH levels were significantly lower in former drug users (p=0.02), but no change was found after sauna in either group. These findings are consistent with the existence of a deficient adaptation to thermal stress in chronic drug users, even after a relatively short drug-free period.

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