Effect of Vasopressin on Bronchial Reactivity to Histamine

1989 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-471
Author(s):  
Alan J. Knox ◽  
John R. Britton ◽  
Anne E. Tattersfield
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Bronchial Reactivity ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Significant Difference

1. Recent evidence suggests that a high salt diet increases bronchial reactivity, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. 2. To determine whether alterations in circulating vasopressin might be responsible, we have studied the effect of an infusion of vasopressin on the airways of six normal and eight asthmatic subjects measuring the response as expiratory flow at 30% of vital capacity (V̇30P) in the normal subjects and as forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) in the asthmatic subjects, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. 3. Vasopressin, given as an infusion at a rate of 2 i.u./h for 1 h, followed by 4 i.u./h for a further hour, produced plasma concentrations of 12.8 and 17 ng/l, respectively, compared with 2.0 and 2.0 ng/l on placebo. 4. Airway reactivity to histamine was measured after 1 and 2 h as the provocative doses of histamine causing a 40% reduction in V̇30P (PD40V̇30P) in the normal subjects and a 20% reduction in FEV1 (PD20FEV1) in the asthmatic subjects. 5. There was a small increase in PD40V̇30P after both vasopressin and placebo in normal subjects (refractoriness) but no change in PD20FEV1 in the asthmatic subjects. 6. There was no significant difference between vasopressin and placebo in V̇30P or PD40 V̇30P over the 2 h after the drug in the normal subjects or in FEV1 or PD20FEV1 over the 2 h after the drug in the asthmatic subjects. 7. We conclude that alterations in circulating vasopressin are unlikely to be responsible for the increase in bronchial reactivity when dietary salt intake is increased.

Immunoreactive Substance P in Human Plasma: Response to Changes in Posture and Sodium Balance

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Kramer ◽  
R. Düsing ◽  
H. Stelkens ◽  
R. Heinrich ◽  
J. Kipnowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
High Sodium

1. In healthy volunteers plasma concentrations of immunoreactive substance P were measured in response to changes in posture and dietary salt intake. 2. In 14 subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P was 168 ± 31 pmol/l when subjects were supine and 401 ± 51 pmol/l (P < 0.001) when they were ambulant. 3. Measurement of supine plasma immunoreactive substance P at 6 h intervals gave a mean value of 240 ± 39 pmol/l at 14.00 hours and a lowest value of 76 ± 9 pmol/l at 02.00 hours. 4. In eight healthy subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P rose only slightly from 169 ± 41 pmol/l, on a sodium intake ad lib., to 244 ± 45 pmol/l by day 4 of dietary sodium restriction (35 mmol/day) and significantly fell to 51 ± 20 pmol/l (P < 0.001) by day 4 of high sodium intake (350 mmol/day). 5. Although exogenous substance P was shown to be natriuretic in dog and rat, the present results do not favour a role of endogenous substance P as a circulating natriuretic factor in man.

Modification of bronchial reactivity by physiological concentrations of plasma epinephrine

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Knox ◽  
H. Campos-Gongora ◽  
A. Wisniewski ◽  
I. A. MacDonald ◽  
A. E. Tattersfield
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Bronchial Reactivity ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Bronchial Responsiveness ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Epinephrine Concentration

Circulating epinephrine concentrations are altered in certain pathophysiological states, but whether such changes in epinephrine concentrations can alter bronchial responsiveness in subjects with asthma has not been studied. We studied 10 subjects with asthma in a double-blind crossover study on 4 nonconsecutive days. After measurement of baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and plasma epinephrine concentration, subjects were given placebo or 4, 16, or 64 ng.kg-1.min-1 epinephrine by intravenous infusion for 45 min. Blood was taken for plasma epinephrine concentration before the infusion and at 30 min, when a histamine challenge test was performed. Mean plasma epinephrine concentrations ranged from 0.37 nmol/l on placebo to 3.76 nmol/l with the 64-ng/kg infusion. FEV1 increased progressively with increasing concentrations of infused epinephrine, the mean change ranging from -0.051 on placebo to 0.331 after the highest concentration of epinephrine. The provocative dose of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 increased progressively with increasing concentrations of infused epinephrine, geometric mean values ranging from 0.61 mumol with placebo to 1.7 mumol after the highest dose of epinephrine. Thus epinephrine, at physiological plasma concentrations, can modify bronchial reactivity.

Comparative Plasma Heparin Levels after Subcutaneous Sodium and Calcium Heparin

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Low ◽  
J C Biggs
Keyword(s):  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Sodium Heparin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heparin Plasma ◽  
Calcium Heparin ◽  
Plasma Heparin

SummaryComparative plasma heparin levels were measured in normal subjects injected subcutaneously with 5,000 units of the sodium and calcium salts of heparin. Plasma heparin levels were measured up to 7 hr post-injection by an anti-factor Xa assay (Denson and Bonnar 1973). Preliminary studies indicated that heparin levels were reproducible in subjects who received two injections of the same heparin. Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and the time at which peak concentration was reached (Tmax) varied greatly from subject to subject. In one group of subjects (15) two commonly used heparins, a sodium heparin (Evans) and a calcium heparin (Choay) were compared. Peak heparin concentrations were not significantly different. However the Tmax for the sodium heparin (1.5 hr) was significantly earlier than the Tmax for the calcium heparin (3 hr) and this was not due to a difference in the volume of the two heparin injections. No significant difference could be detected in the plasma clearance rate and the molecular weight distribution of the two heparins.In two other groups of subjects, sodium and calcium preparations from two manufacturers were compared. In general, the sodium salts gave rise to significantly higher plasma concentrations, which could be interpreted as a greater bioavailability of sodium salts. These results indicate that the salt of the heparin can influence the plasma concentration achieved after subcutaneous injection.

The Effects of Different Kinds of Nutrition and Functional Foods on Multiple Sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-637
Author(s):  
Masih Falahatian
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System

It is an assumption that different kinds of nutrition, diet, and functional foods might have different positive or negative effects on multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This brief paper involved a study on various kinds of nutrition including salt, fat, dairy, fruit, and vegetables. At the end of this study, appropriate diets were evaluated for MS patients. Based on previous studies both on animal models and on MS patients, excessive dietary salt intake and animal fat had worsening effects on MS patients but fruit and vegetable intake helped the remission of MS and decreased the risk of developing it. There were, of course, conflicting results in different studies over the role of some nutrition in MS and future studies on larger numbers of cases were required to collect reliable results. As a result, at the end of this study and based on literature, it is suggested that a diet should be programmed by nutritionists containing fewer salt, fat, and dairy intake and more fruits and vegetables for MS patients in order to better management of the disease.

scholarly journals Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J McMahon ◽  
Katrina L Campbell ◽  
Judith D Bauer ◽  
David W Mudge ◽  
Jaimon T Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

scholarly journals An In-Depth Review of the Evidence Linking Dietary Salt Intake and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Jones-Burton ◽  
Shiraz I. Mishra ◽  
Jeffrey C. Fink ◽  
Jeanine Brown ◽  
Weyinshet Gossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

scholarly journals Increased Dietary Salt Intake Does Not Influence Influenza A Virus–Induced Disease Severity in Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 532-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Amoah ◽  
Weiping Cao ◽  
Priya Ranjan ◽  
Patricia Greer ◽  
Wun-Ju Shieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake
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