Protein losing enteropathy associated with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infestation and its impact on albumin homoeostasis in rats fed two levels of dietary protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
C. A. Northrop ◽  
R. H. Behrens ◽  
J. Martin ◽  
M. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Protein Losing Enteropathy ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1. Alterations in plasma albumin concentration and gastrointestinal permeability have been investigated in rats infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and fed adequate or low protein diets. 2. Infection caused only minor changes in growth and food consumption of well nourished rats but resulted in significant reductions in those fed the low protein diet. 3. Animals in both dietary groups were able to mount an immune response beyond day 10 postinfection (p.i.) which caused expulsion of the parasites, but this was less effective in rats fed the low protein food. 4. Uninfected rats fed the low protein diet had significantly lower plasma albumin concentrations than their well nourished counterparts. Animals of both dietary groups showed a progressive reduction in plasma albumin concentration as the infection developed but values returned towards normal as the parasites were expelled. 5. The reduction in plasma albumin concentration was closely associated with increases in gastrointestinal leakage of plasma protein but losses were far greater in the protein deficiency animals. Beyond day 10 p.i. protein loss decreased in both dietary groups and by day 21 p.i. had returned to normal in well nourished animals but not those fed the low protein diet. 6. Intestinal permeability measured by the lactulose:mannitol ratio technique gave similar results to the protein loss data. Permeability increased as the infection progressed then fell as the worms were expelled but remained above control values in infected protein deficient animals. 7. Overall, animals fed the low protein diet were more severely affected by the parasite than were their well fed counterparts. The data clearly demonstrated that the combined effects of infection and dietary deficiency resulted in a more severe reduction in plasma albumin values than either factor produced alone. The results are discussed with reference to the aetiology of hypoalbuminaemia and kwashiorkor in man.

scholarly journals Reasons why hypoalbuminaemia may or may not appear in protein-energy malnutrition

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
P. G. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1.Investigations have been carried out in experimentally-malnourished rats in an attempt to explain the reasons for the development of the two main forms of protein-energy malnutrition in children, kwashiorkor and marasmus.2.Isoenergetic diets with values for protein: energy (P:E) of 0.21 (control diet; C) 0.032 (low-protein diet; LP) and 0.005 (very-low-protein diet; VLP) were fed to groups of twenty-six rats either ad lib. or in restricted amounts from 5 weeks of age. Rats were killed at the start of the experiment and 1, 2 and 3 or 4 weeks later. Estimations were made of plasma albumin, insulin, corticosterone and amino acid concentrations and of the total protein content of the gastrocnemius muscles and liver.3.Rats given diet LP ad lib. gained weight slowly and by week 1 plasma albumin concentration was slightly reduced. Rats given diet VLP ad lib. gradually lost weight and plasma albumin concentrations decreased continuously.4.In contrast the major effect of dietary restriction during the first 2 weeks of the experiment was to maintain plasma albumin concentrations at normal values, irrespective of the diet given.5.At later stages, however, when the ‘restricted’ animals had become very severely wasted, albumin concentrations decreased rapidly to values approaching those found in rats given diet VLP ad lib.6.When diets LP and VLP were given ad lib. body protein was proportionally distributed in favour of muscle rather than liver. For ‘restricted’ rats the reverse was true, at least up to the time when plasma albumin concentration began to decrease.7.Plasma corticosterone concentrations increased and insulin concentrations decreased when diets LP and VLP were fed in both an ad lib. and a ‘restricted’ regimen but the effects were significantly greater in the latter situation.8.Ad lib. feeding of diets LP and VLP produced a distorted plasma amino acid pattern resembling that of kwashiorkor, but although dietary restriction resulted in a decrease in total amino acid concentration, the plasma concentration ratio, non-essential amino acids:essential amino acids was virtually unaffected.9.It was concluded that whilst the lower the protein concentration in the diet the greater is the extent of hypoalbuminaemia which develops, dietary restriction with an increase in plasma glucocorticoid concentration and body-wasting can initially delay the development of the hypoalbuminaemia. However, in the final stages of wasting which ensue, low plasma albumin concentrations can appear because of a failure of the mechanisms which had earlier been able to preserve them at normal levels. It is possible that these two separate and distinct routes to hypoalbuminaemia observed in this study may have parallels in human situations in developing countries.

Schistosoma japonicum and Trichuris suis infections in pigs fed diets with high and low protein

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. JOHANSEN ◽  
H. O. BØGH ◽  
H. GIVER ◽  
L. ERIKSEN ◽  
P. NANSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Japonicum ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Trichuris Suis ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the study was to measure the impact of Schistosoma japonicum and Trichuris suis infections in young growing pigs fed low- or high-protein diets. Thirty-two pigs, 6–10 weeks old, were randomly allocated to 2 groups receiving either a high- or a low-protein diet. After 11 weeks half of the pigs from each group were infected with 1500 S. japonicum cercariae and 4000 T. suis eggs. The weight of the pigs was measured throughout the study, and blood and faecal samples were collected every second week from the time of infection. At the time of infection the low-protein pigs had significantly lower mean body weights, haemoglobin and albumin levels compared with the high-protein pigs, and this pattern continued throughout the study. The serum albumin concentration was further significantly reduced in the infected low-protein pigs compared to the non-infected low-protein pigs. Significantly more S. japonicum worms as well as faecal and tissue eggs were found in the low-protein pigs compared with the high-protein pigs. No differences between the 2 diet groups were observed in T. suis establishment rates or faecal egg excretion. We conclude that this low-protein diet increased the establishment rates of S. japonicum, favoured larger deposits of S. japonicum eggs in the liver and faecal egg excretion, reduced weight gains and caused anaemia and hypoalbuminaemia in young growing pigs as compared with a high-protein diet.

scholarly journals Whole-body albumin mass and distribution in rats fed on low-protein diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
M. B. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1. From 5 weeks of age, control and experimental rats were given diets containing 210 and 31 g protein/kg respectively, and killed for analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d after the start of the experiment. At these times estimates were made of plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and total vascular and extravascular albumin mass.2. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental animals when compared to controls at 8, 12 and 20 d but plasma volumes (ml/kg body-weight) tended to be greater in the former animals. Total vascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly less in experimental animals compared to controls at 8 and 20 d, but was significantly reduced below values at 0 d only at 20 d.3. Extravascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly lower in experimental animals in comparison with controls at 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d and significantly reduced below values at 0 d at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d.4. Whole-body albumin mass was significantly reduced at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d when compared both with controls killed at the same time and animals killed at 0 d. Measurement of the ratio, extravascular albumin mass: vascular albumin mass indicated a significant redistribution of whole-body albumin mass at 5 and 20 d and mean values for this ratio were always lower in experimental animals than in controls.5. It was concluded that measurement of plasma albumin concentration does not indicate the true extent of whole-body albumin losses in protein deficiency since total vascular albumin mass is, to some extent, maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin mass.

scholarly journals Lowering of plasma triiodothyronine level and sympathetic activity does not alter hypoalbuminaemia in rats fed on a diet of low protein concentration

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lydia Sawaya ◽  
Peter G. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Triiodothyronine

Previous studies have described high plasma triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations and sympathetic activity in rats fed on low-protein diets. The present investigation examined how the nutritional status of rats fed on a low-protein diet was affected when these hormonal changes were reduced by drug administration. The low-protein diet (LP group) prevented growth, reduced plasma albumin levels, elevated plasma T3 concentration, and increased both the weight of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the activity of BAT cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1). Lowering the plasma T3 concentration (with carbimazole; CA group) elevated the plasma insulin concentration, promoted a small increase in the plasma albumin concentration and caused weight gain in comparison with the LP group. Reduction of sympathetic activity (with α-methyl-p-tyrosine; MT group) promoted a small elevation in plasma albumin concentration accompanied by a diminished T3 concentration, BAT weight, and an increase in fat deposition in relation to LP rats. In a second experiment, simultaneous lowering of the plasma T3 concentration and sympathetic activity (CA/MT group) resulted in weight gain associated with elevated plasma insulin concentration and fat deposition and a marked reduction in BAT cytochrome c oxidase activity. However no change in the hypoalbuminaemia was observed. The results of the present study suggest that in spite of the previously described increase in metabolic rate in rats fed on a diet with low-protein concentration when compared with controls, the mechanisms involved in the control of BAT activity and fat deposition seem to be independent of those which cause liver protein depletion and hypoalbuminaemia.

scholarly journals Low-protein diet for chronic kidney disease in the Caserta Local Health Unit: the SaniARP Initiative

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Troncone ◽  
Enrica Menditto ◽  
Valentina Orlando ◽  
Daniela Valiante ◽  
Giuseppina Farina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Italian Regions

INTRODUCTION: In clinical practice, the interest in the use of low-protein food for patients suffering from chronic kidneydisease has increased. Currently, these products are not yet contemplated in the essential levels of assistance but the Italian regions deliver, low-protein food discretionally using their own funds. The Campania Region, in 2010, interrupted the distribution of these products. With the exception of Caserta which took up distribution again in 2013. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to describe an initiative put in place by Caserta which has decided to invest in prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A treatment plan for the distribution designed by a team of in-house nephrologists and data are recorded using Saniarp, a web-based platform. RESULTS: In the observation period patients with a prescription of low-protein food products were 869. The mean age was 61 years. The average cost patient / month for the nutritional treatment was 59 Euro. The average cost patient / month for any type of drug was 632 Euro. In particular, 48 Euro for EPO, 277 Euro for Chelate Agents, 16 Euro for antihypertensive therapy. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The policy put in place by the LHU Caserta improved care of kidney patients. The results available to date are still incomplete and do not enable us to clearly assess the benefits both in clinical and economic terms which can be produced by a low-protein diet in kidney patients. In the perspective of third party payers to budget this expense it appears entirely sustainable especially in view of the fact that this dietary treatment might delay the onset of dialysis therapy and lead to lower comorbidity for the patient.

Scanning electron microscope studies of the small intestine of rats maintained on a low protein diet and infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Martin
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Scanning Electron

SummaryIn undernourished rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis partial villus atrophy was observed in large areas of the anterior and posterior regions of the intestine. In addition, the following changes in structure were observed; some areas of the intestine contained misshapen villi which lacked microvilli on the lateral surfaces; cell-like bodies devoid of microvilli appeared to be budded off from the sides and tips of some malformed villi and there appeared to be extensive leakage of blood constituents into the lumen of the intestine. Morphological changes were present up to day 24 of the infection when the experiment was terminated. The possible consequences of the extensive breakdown of villus structure are discussed.

scholarly journals Plasma albumin redox state is superior to conventional biomarkers to indicate the presence of potential protein undernutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Wada ◽  
Hirohisa Izumi ◽  
Takashi Shimizu ◽  
Yasuhiro Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Low Protein

AbstractThe redox state of plasma albumin would reflect albumin synthesis rate, and could be useful to demonstrate the presence of potential protein undernutrition. Aiming to delineate the characteristics of plasma albumin redox state as a nutritional biomarker, adult male Wistar rats were maintained on AIN-93M (14% casein, control diet) or an AIN-93M-based low protein diet (5% casein) ad libitum for 4 weeks, and the two groups were compared by examining plasma albumin redox state, plasma/serum levels of conventional biomarkers for protein nutritional status, and plasma proteome. While no significant difference was seen in body weight at the end of the experimental period, plantaris muscle mass trended lower in the low protein diet group, implicating the manifestation of moderate protein undernutrition. The redox of plasma albumin was shifted to more oxidized state in the low protein diet group, and the shift persisted during the entire experimental period. In contrast, the levels of conventional biomarkers, plasma albumin and prealbumin, were initially decreased in the low protein diet group, and the differences were then dissolved later in the experimental period. Similarly, the levels of other biomarkers, plasma transferrin and serum retinol-binding protein-4, did not differ significantly at the end of the experimental period. Plasma proteomic analysis revealed that the abundances of proteins that constitute high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A-II and paraoxonase-1, were decreased in the low protein diet group, which were then validated by confirming decreases in plasma HDL level, plasma HDL-cholesterol level, and serum paraoxonase-1 activity in the low protein diet group. According to epidemiological reports, dietary protein intake is positively associated with plasma HDL-cholesterol level, and the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, including lower HDL-cholesterol level, are closely related to frailty. Thus, it can be conceived that moderate dietary protein insufficiency would increase cardiovascular risks, such as reduction in HDL level and function (paraoxonase-1 activity), which could prime the onset of amyotropic diseases later in life, such as sarcopenia and frailty. Collectively, moderate dietary protein insufficiency would lead to decreased skeletal muscle mass, and also attenuate circulating HDL level and function, which could even aggravate the attenuation of skeletal muscle accretion; the redox state of plasma albumin would be instrumental over conventional biomarkers as an indicator of potentially protein undernourished status.

Effect of diet and stage of lactation on bovine milk lipolysis

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer M. A. Salih ◽  
Malcolm Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Low Protein

SummaryThe effect of lactation and diet on milk lipoprotein lipase activity (LPL), cell count, serum albumin concentration and free fatty acid levels, expressed in terms of acid degree value (ADV), was examined in 2 experiments. In addition, the ability of blood plasma from cows on different diets to activate LPL was also investigated.Changes in ADV were not consistently associated with changes in LPL, cell count or serum albumin throughout lactation, although results indicated that ADV appeared to be influenced by cell count in early lactation, and by the amount of blood plasma proteins reaching the milk during the remainder of lactation. LPL activity was low in colostrum, but increased rapidly between d 2 and 12 post-partum, reaching a peak at 5 months. Activity was unaffected by diet.There was no effect on ADV of feeding concentrate: hay ratios of 75:25 and 60:40, but ADV was higher in cows fed a low protein diet (crude protein 9%) between 10 and 60 d post-partum, than in cows fed a high protein diet (crude protein 18 %) during the same period. In addition, the blood plasma for cows on the low protein diet had a greater ability to activate LPL although, on the basis of the millk: blood serum albumin ratio, a smaller proportion of blood constituents had reached the milk. The ability of blood plasma to activate LPL was also found to increase with increasing levels of lipoprotein lipid in the blood.

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