The measurement of breathlessness induced in normal subjects: individual differences

1986 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Adams ◽  
N. Chronos ◽  
R. Lane ◽  
A. Guz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Stimulus Type ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Weak Association ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Visual Analogue Scaling

1. Normal subjects show wide variability in their sensory scaling of breathlessness for equivalent degrees of ventilatory stimulation and behave ‘characteristically’ irrespective of stimulus type. 2. Observed differences are not explained by physical characteristics, ventilatory sensitivity or pattern of breathing although there is a weak association with the degree of physical fitness. 3. Differences are seen when scaling is performed with reference to both rigidly defined extremes of breathlessness (visual analogue scaling) and a subject's own relative changes in the intensity of this sensation (magnitude estimation). 4. These findings may explain the common observation, in patients with respiratory disease, of dyspnoea out of proportion to the pathophysiological state.

The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Nic M. Weststrate ◽  
Monika Ardelt ◽  
Justin Peter Brienza ◽  
Mengxi Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
The Common ◽  
Empirical Approaches ◽  
And Training ◽  
Contextual Differences

Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wisdom converge on the morally-grounded application of metacognition to reasoning and problem-solving. After outlining the function of relevant metacognitive and moral processes, we critically evaluate existing empirical approaches to measurement and offer recommendations for best practices. In the subsequent sections, we use the common wisdom model to selectively review evidence about the role of individual differences for development and manifestation of wisdom, approaches to wisdom development and training, as well as cultural, subcultural, and social-contextual differences. We conclude by discussing wisdom’s conceptual overlap with a host of other constructs and outline unresolved conceptual and methodological challenges.

The Measurement of Breathlessness Induced in Normal Subjects: Validity of two Scaling Techniques

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Adams ◽  
N. Chronos ◽  
R. Lane ◽  
A. Guz
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Subjective Estimates ◽  
Visual Analogue Scaling

1. The intensity of breathlessness induced by ventilatory stimulation resulting from hypercapnia, hypoxia or exercise has been quantified in normals by using the two different sensory scaling techniques of linear visual analogue scaling and ratio magnitude estimation. 2. In naive individuals both techniques show good face validity. 3. When related to ventilation, quantification of breathlessness is moderately reproducible with both methods, even when subjects are kept in ignorance of the pattern of ventilatory stimulation. 4. There is a small within- and large between-subject variability with both scaling techniques; possible factors responsible are discussed. 5. The reproducibility of visual analogue scaling when related to ventilation is independent of the nature of the ventilatory stimulus and is maintained over intervals as long as 1 week when memory for the score given is unlikely to be an important factor. 6. The difficulties of interpreting subjective estimates of perceived breathlessness are discussed, together with the relative merits of the two scaling techniques.

scholarly journals Common Sports Injuries among Physical Activities Practitioners at the Physical Fitness Centers in Jordan (Comparative Study)

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Majed F. Mujalli ◽  
Maen Z. Zakarneh ◽  
Ala’a Kh. Abu Aloyoun
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fitness Centers ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Medical Checkup ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Lumbar Area ◽  
The Common

<p>The aim of the study was to investigate the common sports injuries among physical activities practitioners at the physical fitness centers in Jordan. Study sample consisted of (272) volunteered male (n=221) and female (n=51) (age 30±3). Researchers used a special form used to evaluate athletic injuries. After collecting and analyzing the data. Results showed that the most common sports injuries among sample of the study was muscular tears 27.7%, muscle spasm 20.7%, and tears ligament 20.2%. And the most exposed parts of the body to injury is the lumbar area 26.8%, elbows 16.9%, followed by shoulders 8.9%. Also the study results revealed that the most cusses of injuries was over training 24.14%. Poor warm-up 22.1% and bad technic 11.3%. Bodies-building was the most type of activities subjects to injury with 18.8%. Physical Fitness 6.6% and weight loss 27.7. Results also showed that physical therapy was the most means of treating injuries 54.14%, drugs therapy 33.3% and surgical intervention 4.2%. Also the study shows that males are more exposed to injuries than females.</p><p>Conclusions: These finding indicate that sports injures is part of physical</p><p>Activities participations, preventive measures should be taken by participant's the researchers recommended the need for physical and medical checkup before participation in physical activity at the physical fitness centers.</p>

scholarly journals The Wada Test: contributions to standardization of the stimulus for language and memory assessment

2004 ◽  
Vol 62 (3a) ◽  
pp. 582-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Joana Mäder ◽  
Bellkiss Wilma Romano ◽  
Luciano De Paola ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Soares Silvado
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Type ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
Memory Testing ◽  
Wada Test ◽  
Presurgical Evaluation ◽  
Memory Assessment ◽  
Parallel Models

The Wada Test (WT) is part of the presurgical evaluation for refractory epilepsy. The WT is not standardized and the protocols differ in important ways, including stimulus type of material presented for memory testing, timing of presentations and methods of assessment. The aim of this study was to contribute to establish parameters for a WT to Brazilian population investigating the performance of 100 normal subjects, without medication. Two parallel models were used based on Montreal Procedure adapted from Gail Risse's (MEG-MN,EUA) protocol. The proportions of correct responses of normal subjects submitted to two parallel WT models were investigated and the two models were compared. The results showed that the two models are similar but significant differences among the stimulus type were observed. The results suggest that the stimulus type may influence the results of the WT and should be considered when constructing models and comparing different protocols.

Introducing the Prose Poem

Prose Poetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Paul Hetherington ◽  
Cassandra Atherton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Prose Poetry ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Prose Poem ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Intense Emotion

This chapter traces prose poetry's development in nineteenth-century France and its early reception and subsequent critical views about the form. The prose poem in English is now established as an important literary form in many countries at a time when the composition and publication of poetry is thriving. However, while poetry generally continues to be recognized as a literary genre highly suited to expressing intense emotion, grappling with the ineffable and the intimate, and while lineated lyric poetry is widely admired for its rhythms and musicality, the main scholarship written about English-language prose poetry to date defines the form as problematic, paradoxical, ambiguous, unresolved, or contradictory. The common observation that the term “prose poetry” appears to contain a contradiction is not surprising given that poetry and prose are often understood to be fundamentally different kinds of writing. The chapter then defines the prose poem's main features and discusses the challenge prose poetry presents to established ideas of literary genre.

scholarly journals Feature Specific Attention and Return of Fear after Extinction

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom J. Barry ◽  
Bram Vervliet ◽  
Dirk Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Similar Stimulus ◽  
Return Of Fear ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fear Potentiated Startle ◽  
Report Measure ◽  
Unique Condition

Anxiety disorders are often treated by repeatedly presenting stimuli that are perceptually similar to original stimuli to which fear was originally acquired. Fear can return after it is extinguished because of the differences between these stimuli. It may possible to attenuate return of fear by manipulating attention to the commonalities between feared stimuli and extinction stimuli. After acquiring fear for an animal-like stimulus by pairing with an electro-cutaneous shock, fear was extinguished by repeatedly presenting a similar stimulus. During extinction participants were asked questions that instructed them to attend towards the features in common between the acquisition and extinction stimulus or towards the unique features of the extinction stimulus. Return of fear was assessed by presenting a second perceptually similar stimulus after extinction. Participants showed a return in skin conductance responding after extinction in the unique condition, and not in the common condition. Both groups showed a return in self-report ratings of US expectancy. Neither group showed a return in fear potentiated startle, but there was evidence that this may have been due to individual differences in emotional attentional control. Our conclusions are limited by the use of a self-report measure of emotional attentional control and the absence of limits on the length of time participants could take to answer the extinction questions. It may be possible to enhance extinction and prevent a return of the physiological aspects of fear by manipulating attention during extinction. However, this does not appear to influence explicit expectancy of aversive outcomes. Individual differences in attentional control may influence this process.

scholarly journals The development of biofilm architecture

2016 ◽  
Vol 472 (2188) ◽  
pp. 20150798 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Fowler ◽  
T. M. Kyrke-Smith ◽  
H. F. Winstanley
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Direct Numerical Solution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
A Free Boundary Problem

We extend the one-dimensional polymer solution theory of bacterial biofilm growth described by Winstanley et al . (2011 Proc. R. Soc. A 467 , 1449–1467 ( doi:10.1098/rspa.2010.0327 )) to deal with the problem of the growth of a patch of biofilm in more than one lateral dimension. The extension is non-trivial, as it requires consideration of the rheology of the polymer phase. We use a novel asymptotic technique to reduce the model to a free-boundary problem governed by the equations of Stokes flow with non-standard boundary conditions. We then consider the stability of laterally uniform biofilm growth, and show that the model predicts spatial instability; this is confirmed by a direct numerical solution of the governing equations. The instability results in cusp formation at the biofilm surface and provides an explanation for the common observation of patterned biofilm architectures.

The Importance of Nongenetic Influences on Romantic Love Styles: A Twin-Family Study

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels G. Waller ◽  
Phillip R. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Love Styles ◽  
The Common

Research in several disciplines reveals large individual differences in orientations to romantic love, yet the origins of the differences have been unclear In this first behavior genetic study of romantic love, biometric model fitting reveals that in contrast to other personality and attitude domains, where genetic factors account for approximately 50% of the reliable variance and shared environment has little effect, individual differences in romantic love are due almost exclusively to environment Moreover, the common family environment plays a sizable role in determining love styles, a finding compatible with theories stressing the importance of family inter-actions in personality development

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