Biochemical and Morphometric Properties of Mitochondrial Populations in Human Muscle Fibres

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Elander ◽  
Michael Sjöström ◽  
Fredrik Lundgren ◽  
Tore Scherstén ◽  
Ann-Christin Bylund-Fellenius
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Oxidative Enzyme ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Mitochondrial Fractions ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density ◽  
Subsarcolemmal Mitochondria ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

1. Two mitochondrial subpopulations were evaluated with biochemical and morphological techniques in human gastrocnemius muscle of 10 patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency and 12 control individuals. 2. The subsarcolemmal mitochondria were released by gentle homogenization, with a recovery of 32-37%, and the intermyofibrillar by enzymic digestion and further mechanical disintegration, recovery 18-21%. The subsarcolemmal mitochondria were morphologically defined as those located within 2 μm from the sarcolemma membrane and the intermyofibrillar mitochondria as those located in the rest of the fibre. 3. In the controls the intermyofibrillar mitochondria had a lower respiratory ratio than the subsarcolemmal, owing to a higher state II respiration. The subsarcolemmal space, which contained 25% of the mitochondria, had a mitochondrial volume density two- to three-fold that of the intermyofibrillar space in the controls. 4. The patients, who had a 48-64% higher oxidative enzyme capacity in their muscle tissue, had higher respiratory rate and respiratory control index with similar ADP/O ratio in the subsarcolemmal fraction in comparison with the controls. The citrate synthase activity was higher in both mitochondrial fractions of the patients. The volume densities of mitochondria, total as well as for both subpopulations, were also higher in the patients, which was further reflected in higher yields of mitochondrial protein. 5. The results demonstrate that both sub-populations of muscle mitochondria are able to adapt quantitatively and/or qualitatively. Furthermore, they show that the increased oxidative enzyme capacity of the patients is associated with an increased quantity of both mitochondrial populations and a qualitative improvement of the respiratory activity of the subsarcolemmal mitochondria.

scholarly journals 145 President Oral Presentation Pick: Prenatal stress increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density and function in yearling Brahman calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
Chloey P Guy ◽  
Catherine L Wellman ◽  
David G Riley ◽  
Charles R Long ◽  
Ron D Randel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Prenatal Stress ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Assembly Factor ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density ◽  
And Function

Abstract We previously determined that prenatal stress (PNS) differentially affected methylation of DNA from leukocytes of 28-d-old calves. Specifically, COX14 (cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly factor) and CKMT1B (mitochondrial creatine kinase U-type) were hypomethylated and COA5 (COX assembly factor 5), COX5A (COX subunit 5A), NRF1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1), and GSST1 (glutathione S-transferase theta-1) were hypermethylated in PNS compared to non-PNS calves (P ≤ 0.05). Our current objective was to test the hypothesis that PNS exhibit impaired mitochondrial function and greater oxidative stress than non-PNS calves. Blood and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected from yearling Brahman calves whose mothers were stressed by 2 h transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 days of gestation (PNS; 8 bulls, 6 heifers) and non-PNS calves (4 bulls, 6 heifers). Serum was evaluated for the stress hormone, cortisol, and muscle damage marker, creatine kinase; muscle was analyzed for mitochondrial volume density and function by citrate synthase (CS) and COX activities, respectively, concentration of malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker, and activity of the antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD). Data were analyzed using mixed linear models with treatment and sex as fixed effects. Serum cortisol was numerically higher in PNS than non-PNS calves but was not statistically different. Muscle CS and COX activities relative to protein were greater in PNS than non-PNS calves (P ≤ 0.03), but COX relative to CS activity was similar between groups. Activity of COX was greater in bulls than heifers (P = 0.03), but no other measure was affected by sex. All other measures were unaffected by PNS. Prenatal stress did not affect markers of muscle damage and oxidative stress in yearling Brahman calves at rest but mitochondrial volume density and function were greater in PNS calves. Acute stressors induce oxidative stress, so implications of differences in mitochondria in PNS calves following a stressor should be investigated.

241 Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Capacities Are Impacted by Breed and Temperament in Young Angus and Brahman Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
Chloey P Guy ◽  
Lauren T Wesolowski ◽  
Audrey L Earnhardt ◽  
Dustin Law ◽  
Don A Neuendorff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density ◽  
Brahman Steers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Temperament impacts skeletal muscle mitochondria in Brahman heifers, but this has not been investigated in steers or between cattle breeds. We hypothesized mitochondrial measures would be greater in Angus than Brahman, temperamental than calm steers, and the trapezius (TRAP) than the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle. Samples from calm (n = 13 per breed), intermediate (n = 12 per breed), and temperamental (n=13 per breed) Angus and Brahman steers (mean±SD 10.0±0.8 mo) were evaluated for mitochondrial enzyme activities via colorimetry. Calm and temperamental LT samples were evaluated for oxidative phosphorylation (P) and electron transfer (E) capacities by high-resolution respirometry. Data were analyzed using linear models with fixed effects of breed, muscle, temperament, and all interactions. Brahman tended to have greater mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS) than Angus (P = 0.08), while intrinsic (relative to CS) mitochondrial function (cytochrome c oxidase activity) was greater in Angus than Brahman (P = 0.001) and greater in TRAP than LT (P = 0.008). Angus exhibited greater integrative (per mg tissue) and intrinsic P with complex I (PCI), P with complexes I+II (PCI+II), maximum noncoupled E, and E with complex II (ECII; P ≤ 0.04) and tended to have greater intrinsic leak (P = 0.1) than Brahman. Contribution of PCI to total E was greater in Angus than Brahman (P = 0.01), while contribution of ECII to total E was greater in Brahman than Angus (P = 0.05). A trend for the interaction of breed and temperament (P = 0.07) indicated calm Angus had the greatest intrinsic ECII (P ≤ 0.03) while intrinsic ECII was similar between temperamental Angus and calm and temperamental Brahman. Integrative PCI+II and ECII, and the contribution of PCI and PCI+II to overall E tended to be greater in temperamental than calm steers (P ≤ 0.09), while intrinsic ECII tended to be greater in calm than temperamental steers (P = 0.07). The impact of these mitochondrial differences on meat quality measures remains to be determined.

Mitochondrial metabolism of cardiac and skeletal muscles from a fast (Katsuwonus pelamis) and a slow (Cyprinus carpio) fish

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1246-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Moyes ◽  
Odile A. Mathieu-Costello ◽  
Richard W. Brill ◽  
Peter W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density

Tuna cardiac (atrium, compact and spongy ventricle) and skeletal muscle (red and white) were compared with carp tissues to determine the importance of mitochondrial differences in supporting the high aerobic capacities in tuna. Mitochondria isolated from red muscle of both species oxidized each of the physiological fuels at similar rates per milligram of mitochondrial protein, when differences in assay temperature are considered. The highest rate of oxygen consumption by ventricle mitochondria was 2 times greater in tuna than carp. The maximal oxidation rates were 3–4 times higher in ventricle than red muscle in both species. Tuna tissues had as much as 30–80% more mitochondrial protein per gram of tissue than carp. Morphometrically this was manifested as extremely densely packed mitochondrial cristae, rather than increased mitochondrial volume densities. In general, higher aerobic capacities of tuna ventricle and red muscle are primarily attributable to greater tissue mass and, to a lesser extent, differences in the nature or quantity of mitochondria per gram of tissue. Unlike ventricle and red muscle, tissues with relatively low mitochondrial contents in carp (white muscle, atrium) demonstrated several-fold higher mitochondrial contents in tuna. Enzyme analyses of tissue and isolated mitochondria suggest a greater dependence of tuna tissues on fatty acids as fuels. Activities of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) per milligram of protein were 2–2.5 times higher in tuna red muscle and ventricle mitochondria than in carp mitochondria from the same tissues. Whole tissue activity ratios of hexokinase/CPT, which indicate the relative importance of glucose and fatty acid metabolism, were 5 times higher in carp spongy ventricle and 12 times higher in carp compact ventricle. These data suggest that muscle aerobic capacity can be increased at several levels: tissue mass, mitochondrial volume density, cristae surface density, and mitochondrial specific activity. Large differences observed between carp and tuna muscles are due to cumulative effects of several of these factors.

scholarly journals Oxidative capacity distribution in skeletal muscle fibers of the rat.

1994 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Philippi ◽  
A H Sillau
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Interfibrillar Mitochondria ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Subsarcolemmal Mitochondria

To study the distribution of oxidative capacity in muscle fibers, mitochondrial volume density and the oxidative capacity of isolated mitochondria were evaluated. Mitochondria were isolated from the subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar areas of the soleus (a muscle largely made up of slow oxidative fibers) and the gastrocnemius medial head (a muscle largely made up of fast glycolytic fibers) of the rat, and their oxidative capacities were evaluated using NADH- and FADH-generating substrates. In the soleus muscle, the subsarcolemmal mitochondria showed a lower oxidative capacity than interfibrillar mitochondria when NADH-generating substrates were used. This difference was not observed when FADH-generating substrates were used. In the gastrocnemius, there were no differences in the oxidative capacity of the subsarcolemmal and the interfibrillar mitochondria. Additionally, citrate synthase activity was found to be lower in mitochondria isolated from the subsarcolemmal area of the soleus than in the other mitochondrial preparations. These findings indicate that the difference in oxidative capacity of the isolated mitochondria is not related to differences in the inner mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondrial volume density was evaluated using electron micrographs of the subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar areas of slow oxidative fibers from the soleus and fast glycolytic fibers from the gastrocnemius. In the slow oxidative fibers, mitochondrial volume density in the subsarcolemmal area was four times higher than in the interfibrillar area. In the fast glycolytic fibers, mitochondrial volume densities in the subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar areas did not differ from that of the interfibrillar area of the slow oxidative fibers. The oxidative capacity of the tissue, calculated by multiplying the mitochondrial oxidative capacities by the mitochondrial volume densities, was 2-4 times higher in the subsarcolemmal areas of the soleus fibers than in the other areas studied. This was true in spite of the fact that the oxidative capacity of the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of the slow oxidative fibers was lower than those of the other mitochondrial populations studied. These results indicate that the difference in oxidative capacity between slow oxidative fibers and fast glycolytic fibers is the result of the much greater mitochondrial volume density in the subsarcolemmal area of the slow oxidative fibers.

507 Late-Breaking: Heat Stress and Mitoq Supplementation Impact Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Capacities in Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
Lauren T Wesolowski ◽  
Chloey P Guy ◽  
Edith J Mayorga ◽  
Tori E Rudolph ◽  
Alyssa D Freestone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density

Abstract Heat stress can negatively impact pig health and performance but the effects of heat stress on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function are largely unknown. We hypothesized that mitochondrial function and capacity would be impaired in heat stressed (HS) compared to thermoneutral (TN) pigs but mitochondrially-targeted coenzyme Q (MitoQ) supplementation would rescue the impairment. Oxidative portions of the semitendinosus muscle were evaluated from TN and HS gilts receiving no supplementation (CON) or MitoQ for 2 d prior to and during the 24h environmental heat treatment (n = 8 per group). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (P) and electron transfer (E) capacities were determined via high resolution respirometry and mitochondrial volume density and function were quantified by citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase activities, respectively. Data were analyzed using linear models in SAS v9.4 with fixed effects of heat, MitoQ treatment (trt), and heat×trt interaction. There were trends for the interaction of trt and heat (P≤0.1) on integrative (per mg tissue) and intrinsic (relative to CS) P with complexes I and II (PCI+II), maximum noncoupled E (ECI+II), and E with complex II only (ECII), in which all measures were greater in HS-MitoQ than TN-MitoQ (P≤0.03), but measures did not differ due to HS in CON pigs. The contribution of leak to total E (flux control ratio, FCRLeak) was lesser in HS-MitoQ than HS-CON, TN-CON, and TN-MitoQ (P≤0.02). The FCRPCI was greater (P≤0.05) while the FCRPCI+II was lesser (P=0.01) in TN compared to HS pigs. Finally, the FCRPCI+II was greater (P=0.02) while the FCRECII tended to be lesser (P=0.09) for CON than MitoQ pigs. Neither mitochondrial volume density nor function were affected by HS or MitoQ supplementation. In total, these data indicate improved mitochondrial capacities following heat stress in pigs receiving MitoQ but no difference in mitochondrial capacities in unsupplemented, HS pigs.

Latitudinal variation in the abundance and oxidative capacities of muscle mitochondria in perciform fishes

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Johnston ◽  
J Calvo ◽  
H Guderley ◽  
D Fernandez ◽  
L Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Surface Density ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Antarctic Species ◽  
Habitat Temperature ◽  
Eleginops Maclovinus ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density

The abundance, distribution and oxidative capacities of mitochondria have been investigated in the red pectoral fin adductor muscles of fish (Order Perciformes) that use a predominantly labriform style of swimming. Mediterranean Sea species from the families Labridae, Serranidae, Sparidae and Antarctic Nototheniidae and non-Antarctic Nototheniidae and Channichthyidae were studied. Sub-Antarctic species from the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, included the pelagic haemoglobin-less icefish (Champsocephalus esox) and the robalo (Eleginops maclovinus), which occurs as far north as 35 degrees S. In Champsocephalus esox, the mitochondrial volume density of red muscle was 0.51 and mitochondrial cristae surface density (43. 9 microm2 microm-3) was higher than reported for Antarctic icefishes. In the red-blooded, active pelagic or semi-pelagic species, mitochondrial volume density was within the range 0.27-0.33 regardless of habitat temperature. Amongst less active demersal species, mitochondrial volume density ranged from 0.29-0.33 in polar species to 0.08-0.13 in Mediterranean species. In Antarctic species and Champsocephalus esox, myofibrils occurred in ribbons or clusters one fibril thick entirely surrounded by mitochondria. The volume density of intracellular lipid droplets was not correlated with activity patterns or habitat temperature. In a comparison of Eleginops maclovinus caught in summer (approximately 10 degrees C) and winter (approximately 4 degrees C), mitochondrial volume density did not differ, whereas the surface density of mitochondrial clusters was higher in summer fish. The temperature-dependence of the state 3 respiration rate of isolated mitochondria with pyruvate as substrate was described by a single quadratic relationship for all species, indicating no significant up-regulation of the maximum rate of oxygen uptake per milligram mitochondrial protein in Antarctic species. Our results support the conclusion that increasing the volume and surface density of mitochondrial clusters is the primary mechanism for enhancing the aerobic capacity of muscle in cold-water fish.

Gender dimorphism in rat liver mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and biogenesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. C372-C378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Justo ◽  
Jordi Boada ◽  
Margalida Frontera ◽  
Jordi Oliver ◽  
Jordi Bermúdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Gender Dimorphism ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Mitochondrial Fractions ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism

In the present study, we have investigated gender differences in rat liver mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Total mitochondrial population (M) as well as the heavy (M1), medium (M3), and light (M8) mitochondrial fractions obtained by means of differential centrifugation steps at 1,000, 3,000, and 8,000 g, respectively, were isolated. Electron microscopic analysis was performed and mitochondrial protein content and cardiolipin levels, mitochondrial O2 flux, ATP synthase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) protein levels were measured in each sample. Our results indicate that mitochondria from females have higher protein content and higher cardiolipin levels, greater respiratory and phosphorylative capacities, and more-energized mitochondria in respiratory state 3. Moreover, protein levels of TFAM were four times greater in females than in males. Gender differences in the aforementioned parameters were more patent in the isolated heavy M1 and M3 mitochondrial fractions. The present study demonstrates that gender-related differences in liver mitochondrial function are due mainly to a higher capacity and efficiency of substrate oxidation, likely related to greater mitochondrial machinery in females than in males, which is in accord with greater mitochondrial differentiation in females.

scholarly journals Exercise training enhances white adipose tissue metabolism in rats selectively bred for low- or high-endurance running capacity

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (3) ◽  
pp. E429-E438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin J. Stephenson ◽  
Sarah J. Lessard ◽  
Donato A. Rivas ◽  
Matthew J. Watt ◽  
Ben B. Yaspelkis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Hcr Model

Impaired visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several lifestyle-related disease states, with diminished expression of several WAT mitochondrial genes reported in both insulin-resistant humans and rodents. We have used rat models selectively bred for low- (LCR) or high-intrinsic running capacity (HCR) that present simultaneously with divergent metabolic phenotypes to test the hypothesis that oxidative enzyme expression is reduced in epididymal WAT from LCR animals. Based on this assumption, we further hypothesized that short-term exercise training (6 wk of treadmill running) would ameliorate this deficit. Approximately 22-wk-old rats (generation 22) were studied. In untrained rats, the abundance of mitochondrial respiratory complexes I–V, citrate synthase (CS), and PGC-1 was similar for both phenotypes, although CS activity was greater than 50% in HCR ( P = 0.09). Exercise training increased CS activity in both phenotypes but did not alter mitochondrial protein content. Training increased the expression and phosphorylation of proteins with roles in β-adrenergic signaling, including β3-adrenergic receptor (16% increase in LCR; P < 0.05), NOR1 (24% decrease in LCR, 21% decrease in HCR; P < 0.05), phospho-ATGL (25% increase in HCR; P < 0.05), perilipin (25% increase in HCR; P < 0.05), CGI-58 (15% increase in LCR; P < 0.05), and GLUT4 (16% increase in HCR; P < 0.0001). A training effect was also observed for phospho-p38 MAPK (12% decrease in LCR, 20% decrease in HCR; P < 0.05) and phospho-JNK (29% increase in LCR, 20% increase in HCR; P < 0.05). We conclude that in the LCR-HCR model system, mitochondrial protein expression in WAT is not affected by intrinsic running capacity or exercise training. However, training does induce alterations in the activity and expression of several proteins that are essential to the intracellular regulation of WAT metabolism.

scholarly journals Intermittent pneumatic leg compressions enhance muscle performance and blood flow in a model of peripheral arterial insufficiency

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (9) ◽  
pp. 1556-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno T. Roseguini ◽  
Arturo A. Arce-Esquivel ◽  
Sean C. Newcomer ◽  
Hsiao T. Yang ◽  
Ronald Terjung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Tolerance ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Arterial Insufficiency ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Despite the escalating prevalence in the aging population, few therapeutic options exist to treat patients with peripheral arterial disease. Application of intermittent pneumatic leg compressions (IPC) is regarded as a promising noninvasive approach to treat this condition, but the clinical efficacy, as well the mechanistic basis of action of this therapy, remain poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that 2 wk of daily application of IPC enhances exercise tolerance by improving blood flow and promoting angiogenesis in skeletal muscle in a model of peripheral arterial insufficiency. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral ligation of the femoral artery and randomly allocated to treatment or sham groups. Animals were anesthetized daily and exposed to 1-h sessions of bilateral IPC or sham treatment for 14–16 consecutive days. A third group of nonligated rats was also studied. Marked increases in treadmill exercise tolerance (∼33%, P < 0.05) and improved muscle performance in situ (∼10%, P < 0.05) were observed in IPC-treated animals. Compared with sham-treated controls, blood flow measured with isotope-labeled microspheres during in situ contractions tended to be higher in IPC-treated animals in muscles composed of predominantly fast-twitch white fibers, such as the plantaris (∼93%, P = 0.02). Capillary contacts per fiber and citrate synthase activity were not significantly altered by IPC treatment. Collectively, these data indicate that IPC improves exercise tolerance in a model of peripheral arterial insufficiency in part by enhancing blood flow to collateral-dependent tissues.

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