The Effect of Protein Loads on Plasma Amino Acid Levels

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Palmer ◽  
Mary A. Rossiter ◽  
B. Levin ◽  
V. G. Oberholzer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Loading ◽  
Loading Tests ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

1. After ingestion of up to 1–2 g of protein/kg body weight by adults, plasma concentrations of all amino acids, including glutamine and glutamic acid, rose to a maximum within 5 h. 2. The increases in concentration depended on the amount of protein ingested. 3. The changes were not due to diurnal variation in plasma amino acid levels, so, protein loading tests may be of value in the assessment of protein absorption.

Sweat facilitated losses of amino acids in Standardbred horses and the application of supplementation strategies to maintain condition during training

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Dunstan ◽  
D.L. Sparkes ◽  
B.J. Dascombe ◽  
C.A. Evans ◽  
M.M. Macdonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Load ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
High Concentrations

Little is known about the amino acid composition of horse sweat, but significant fluid losses can occur during exercise with the potential to facilitate substantial nutrient losses. Sweat and plasma amino acid compositions for Standardbred horses were assessed to determine losses during a standardised training regime. Two cohorts of horses 2013 (n=5) and 2014 (n=6) were assessed to determine baseline levels of plasma and sweat amino acids. An amino acid supplement designed to counter losses in sweat during exercise was provided after morning exercise daily for 5 weeks (2013, n=5; 2014, n=4). After the supplementation period, blood and sweat samples were collected to assess amino acid composition changes. From baseline assessments of sweat in both cohorts, it was found that serine, glutamic acid, histidine and phenylalanine were present at up to 9 times the corresponding plasma concentrations and aspartic acid at 0-2.2 μmol/l in plasma was measured at 154-262 μmol/l in sweat. In contrast, glutamine, asparagine, methionine and cystine were conserved in the plasma by having lower concentrations in the sweat. The predominant plasma amino acids were glycine, glutamine, alanine, valine, serine, lysine and leucine. As the sweat amino acid profile did not simply reflect plasma composition, it was proposed that mechanisms exist to generate high concentrations of certain amino acids in sweat whilst selectively preventing the loss of others. The estimated amino acid load in 16 l of circulating plasma was 3.8-4.3 g and the calculated loss via sweat during high intensity exercise was 1.6-3.0 g. Following supplementation, total plasma amino acid levels from both cohorts increased from initial levels of 2,293 and 2,044 µmol/l to post-supplementation levels of 2,674 and 2,663 µmol/l respectively (P<0.05). It was concluded that the strategy of providing free amino acids immediately after exercise resulted in raising resting plasma amino acid levels.

Plasma Amino Acid Profiles and Amino Acid Losses in Patients Undergoing CAPD

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Dombros Arie ◽  
Oren Errol B. Marliss ◽  
G. Harvey Anderson ◽  
Arthur N. Stein Ramesh Khanna ◽  
Jean Petit Lidia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Daily Total

Fasting plasma amino acid levels and 24hour amino acid losses in the dialysate were measured in six nondiabetic female and six diabetic male patients on CAPD. Comparison of their plasma amino acid values with sex matched controls showed that CAPD did not restore the plasma amino acid levels of these patients to normal, and that the abnormalities in the non-diabetics were more marked than in the diabetics. The daily total amino acid losses in the dialysate were small relative to protein intake, averaged 2.25 9 per day and were similar for the non-diabetic and diabetics. The concentrations of most amino acids in the dialysate were proportional to their plasma concentrations. Loss of amino acids in the dialysate does not account for the abnormal plasma patterns of CAPD patients.

Effect of protein intake on weight gain and plasma amino acid levels in uremic rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (5) ◽  
pp. 1455-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Wang ◽  
I Vyhmeister ◽  
JD Kopple ◽  
ME Swendseid
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Uremic Patient ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
And Control

Chronically uremic rats weighing approximately 180-200 g and sham-operated controls of similar weight were pair fed diets containing 5, 15 or 23% protein for 10-12 wk. At each level of protein intake, uremic animals gained less weight and had lower protein efficiency ratios than controls. In addition, certain plasma amino acid levels were altered in the uremic animals. These included tyrosine and the tyrosine/phenylalanine ratio, which were decreased, and citrulline, glycine, and the methylhistidines, which were increased. In both uremic and control rats, plasma concentrations of certain amino acids, primarily nonessential ones, varied inversely with protein intake; with the 5% protein diet, the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids was significantly reduced. These observations indicate that both uremia and reduced protein intake may affect growth and amino acid metabolism in rats with chronic renal failure. The finding that uremic rats utilize protein less efficiently may indicate that marked reductions in protein intake may be particularly hazardous to the nutritional status of the uremic patient.

Influence of plasma amino acid level on urine volume in the alligator

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland A. Coulson ◽  
Thomas Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ammonia Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Catabolism ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

Growth hormone, hydrocortisone, and a mixture of the two were injected daily into small alligators for periods up to 2 weeks. Although plasma amino acid levels increased only slightly after either growth hormone or hydrocortisone, injection of the combined hormones doubled the concentrations. In all cases increases in plasma amino acids were associated with an augmented renal ammonia synthesis and an increased urine volume. When the degree of hydration was maintained at a nearly constant level, the urine volume was directly related to the quantity of amino acids available for renal deamination. Insulin, a hormone which lowers the concentration of extracellular amino acids, decreased the rate of renal ammonia synthesis and therefore the rate of urine flow. The oliguria produced by insulin could be counteracted by the injection of glycine, a known precursor of urinary ammonia. Evidence is presented which suggests that in the "diabetes" caused by a combined injection of growth hormone and hydrocortisone, protein catabolism is enhanced and fat catabolism is inhibited. A negative nitrogen balance occurred as a result of the delivery of more amino acids for renal deamination.

A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE ON FREE AMINO ACIDS IN THEBLOOD PLASMA OF CHICKS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsang-Cheng Shao ◽  
D. C. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Plasma Free Amino Acids

As previously reported, an increased concentration of plasma free amino acids, particularly lysine and threonine, was found when chicks were fasted for 24 hours. This increase was suppressed where a nonprotein diet was fed. Dextrose as the chief energy source in the nonprotein diet was more effective than shortening or lard in this respect. However, the degree to which the two energy sources differed was less where birds were adapted to the utilization of fat by feeding a diet rich in fat for a considerable time before making the comparison. Insulin administration to fasted chicks was found to lower plasma amino acid levels. The possible influence of interrelationships among dextrose, fat, and insulin on plasma amino acid levels is discussed.

scholarly journals Variations with energy nutrition in the concentrations of amino acids of the blood plasma in the dairy cow

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Halfpenny ◽  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
G. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Regular Change ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Friesian Cows

1. The plasma levels of individual amino acids were studied in dairy cows under different conditions of production and energy nutrition.2. A preliminary experiment was conducted which established that there was no regular change in amino acid levels with time of sampling in animals offered food twice daily at milking.3. For animals in the 8th month of pregnancy plasma concentrations of lysine, valine, serine and isoleucine were higher, and of threonine lower, in Jersey than in Friesian cows. Lactation was accompanied in most cows by a fall in the plasma concentrations of lysine, arginine, threonine, histidine, glutamic acid, leucine and alanine and a rise in the level of glycine.4. In lactating cows an improvement in the plane of energy nutrition was associated on average with an increase in the plasma concentrations of ‘non-essential’ amino acids and a decrease in the concentrations of ‘essential’ amino acids.5. Intraruminal infusion of propionic acid in the lactating cow increased the concentrations of certain ‘non-essential’ amino acids, glutamic acid in particular, and decreased those of most other ‘essential’ and ‘non-essential’ amino acids.6. These observations are discussed in terms of the possibility that an increased output of amino acids in milk proteins results in a depression in the concentrations of the ‘essential’ and certain of the ‘non-essential’ animo acids in the plasma. The hypothesis is put forward that the plasma supply of the other ‘non-essential’ amino acids, glutamic acid and proline in particular, may limit synthesis of milk proteins.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY UREA LEVEL ON AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT TISSUES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. SALEM ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The effects of a semipurified diet containing 0 (0% urea-N diet), 50 (39% urea-N diet), or 100% (76% urea-N diet) of added dietary nitrogen (N) as urea on the amino acid concentrations in ruminant tissues was investigated. Three rumen-fistulated bull calves averaging 240 kg were used in a latin square design. The calves were fed using a continuous feeder to provide 7 kg of feed daily. Each experimental period of the latin square was 40 days divided into four 10-day intervals. Liver samples were obtained on the 9th day of each 10-day interval and rumen epithelium and rumen microorganisms were obtained on the 10th day of each 10-day interval. Blood samples were collected on the 6th, 8th, and 10th day of each 10-day interval for the determination of plasma amino acid patterns as well as the amino acid concentrations in the tissues. Plasma amino acid patterns indicated that when the 76% urea-N diet was fed the levels of aspartic acid, citrulline, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline were increased. Most of the essential amino acids were decreased on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 0% urea-N diet. All amino acids of rumen microorganisms were increased on the 39% urea-N diet with the exception of arginine, lysine, and threonine, which decreased slightly or did not show any change. Most amino acids were lower on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 39% or 0% urea-N diets. All essential amino acids measured in the liver were reduced on the 76% urea-N diet. Cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan, and valine were also reduced on the 39% urea-N diet. In rumen epithelium, there was a reduction of the essential amino acids and an increase of the nonessential amino acids on the 76% urea-N diet.

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