scholarly journals Applications of catalyzed cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1223-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirva J. Saaranen ◽  
Lloyd W. Ruddock
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
Disulfide Isomerization

Abstract Disulfide bond formation is an essential post-translational modification required for many proteins to attain their native, functional structure. The formation of disulfide bonds, otherwise known as oxidative protein folding, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial inter-membrane space in eukaryotes and the periplasm of prokaryotes. While there are differences in the molecular mechanisms of oxidative folding in different compartments, it can essentially be broken down into two steps, disulfide formation and disulfide isomerization. For both steps, catalysts exist in all compartments where native disulfide bond formation occurs. Due to the importance of disulfide bonds for a plethora of proteins, considerable effort has been made to generate cell factories which can make them more efficiently and cheaper. Recently synthetic biology has been used to transfer catalysts of native disulfide bond formation into the cytoplasm of prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli. While these engineered systems cannot yet rival natural systems in the range and complexity of disulfide-bonded proteins that can be made, a growing range of proteins have been made successfully and yields of homogenously folded eukaryotic proteins exceeding g/l yields have been obtained. This review will briefly give an overview of such systems, the uses reported to date and areas of future potential development, including combining with engineered systems for cytoplasmic glycosylation.

scholarly journals In situ detection of protein interactions for recombinant therapeutic enzymes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Samoudi ◽  
Chih-Chung Kuo ◽  
Caressa M. Robinson ◽  
Km Shams-Ud-Doha ◽  
Song-Min Schinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Ppi Networks

AbstractDespite their therapeutic potential, many protein drugs remain inaccessible to patients since they are difficult to secrete. Each recombinant protein has unique physicochemical properties and requires different machinery for proper folding, assembly, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Here we aimed to identify the machinery supporting recombinant protein secretion by measuring the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of four different recombinant proteins (SERPINA1, SERPINC1, SERPING1 and SeAP) with various PTMs and structural motifs using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) method. We identified PPIs associated with specific features of the secreted proteins using a Bayesian statistical model, and found proteins involved in protein folding, disulfide bond formation and N-glycosylation were positively correlated with the corresponding features of the four model proteins. Among others, oxidative folding enzymes showed the strongest association with disulfide bond formation, supporting their critical roles in proper folding and maintaining the ER stability. Knockdown of disulfide-isomerase PDIA4, a measured interactor with significance for SERPINC1 but not SERPINA1, led to the decreased secretion of SERPINC1, which relies on its extensive disulfide bonds, compared to SERPINA1, which has no disulfide bonds. Proximity-dependent labeling successfully identified the transient interactions supporting synthesis of secreted recombinant proteins and refined our understanding of key molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathway during recombinant protein production.

scholarly journals Disulfide Bond Formation at the C Termini of Vaccinia Virus A26 and A27 Proteins Does Not Require Viral Redox Enzymes and Suppresses Glycosaminoglycan-Mediated Cell Fusion

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (13) ◽  
pp. 6464-6476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Cheng Ching ◽  
Che-Sheng Chung ◽  
Cheng-Yen Huang ◽  
Yu Hsia ◽  
Yin-Liang Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
In Vitro Mutagenesis ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Infected Cells

ABSTRACT Vaccinia virus A26 protein is an envelope protein of the intracellular mature virus (IMV) of vaccinia virus. A mutant A26 protein with a truncation of the 74 C-terminal amino acids was expressed in infected cells but failed to be incorporated into IMV (W. L. Chiu, C. L. Lin, M. H. Yang, D. L. Tzou, and W. Chang, J. Virol 81:2149-2157, 2007). Here, we demonstrate that A27 protein formed a protein complex with the full-length form but not with the truncated form of A26 protein in infected cells as well as in IMV. The formation of the A26-A27 protein complex occurred prior to virion assembly and did not require another A27-binding protein, A17 protein, in the infected cells. A26 protein contains six cysteine residues, and in vitro mutagenesis showed that Cys441 and Cys442 mediated intermolecular disulfide bonds with Cys71 and Cys72 of viral A27 protein, whereas Cys43 and Cys342 mediated intramolecular disulfide bonds. A26 and A27 proteins formed disulfide-linked complexes in transfected 293T cells, showing that the intermolecular disulfide bond formation did not depend on viral redox pathways. Finally, using cell fusion from within and fusion from without, we demonstrate that cell surface glycosaminoglycan is important for virus-cell fusion and that A26 protein, by forming complexes with A27 protein, partially suppresses fusion.

scholarly journals Disulfide formation in plant storage vacuoles permits assembly of a multimeric lectin

2010 ◽  
Vol 427 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Marshall ◽  
Lorenzo Frigerio ◽  
Lynne M. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Oil Seed ◽  
Protein Storage Vacuole ◽  
Protein Disulfide

The ER (endoplasmic reticulum) has long been considered the plant cell compartment within which protein disulfide bond formation occurs. Members of the ER-located PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) family are responsible for oxidizing, reducing and isomerizing disulfide bonds, as well as functioning as chaperones to newly synthesized proteins. In the present study we demonstrate that an abundant 7S lectin of the castor oil seed protein storage vacuole, RCA (Ricinus communis agglutinin 1), is folded in the ER as disulfide bonded A–B dimers in both vegetative cells of tobacco leaf and in castor oil seed endosperm, but that these assemble into (A–B)2 disulfide-bonded tetramers only after Golgi-mediated delivery to the storage vacuoles in the producing endosperm tissue. These observations reveal an alternative and novel site conducive for disulfide bond formation in plant cells.

scholarly journals Cardiac peroxiredoxins undergo complex modifications during cardiac oxidant stress

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (1) ◽  
pp. H425-H433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewald Schröder ◽  
Jonathan P. Brennan ◽  
Philip Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Redox Signaling ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Dimeric Unit

Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs), a family of antioxidant and redox-signaling proteins, are plentiful within the heart; however, their cardiac functions are poorly understood. These studies were designed to characterize the complex changes in Prdxs induced by oxidant stress in rat myocardium. Hydrogen peroxide, a Prdx substrate, was used as the model oxidant pertinent to redox signaling during health and to injury at higher concentrations. Rat hearts were aerobically perfused with a broad concentration range of hydrogen peroxide by the Langendorff method, homogenized, and analyzed by immunoblotting. Heart extracts were also analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography under nondenaturing conditions. Hydrogen peroxide-induced changes in disulfide bond formation, nonreversible oxidation of cysteine (hyperoxidation), and subcellular localization were determined. Hydrogen peroxide induced an array of changes in the myocardium, including formation of disulfide bonds that were intermolecular for Prdx1, Prdx2, and Prdx3 but intramolecular within Prdx5. For Prdx1, Prdx2, and Prdx5, disulfide bond formation can be approximated to an EC50 of 10–100, 1–10, and 100–1,000 μM peroxide, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide induced hyperoxidation, not just within monomeric Prdx (by SDS-PAGE), but also within Prdx disulfide dimers, and reflects a flexibility within the dimeric unit. Prdx oxidation was also associated with movement from the cytosolic to the membrane and myofilament-enriched fractions. In summary, Prdxs undergo a complex series of redox-dependent structural changes in the heart in response to oxidant challenge with its substrate hydrogen peroxide.

Two dileucine motifs mediate late endosomal/lysosomal targeting of transmembrane protein 192 (TMEM192) and a C-terminal cysteine residue is responsible for disulfide bond formation in TMEM192 homodimers

2011 ◽  
Vol 434 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Behnke ◽  
Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen ◽  
Paul Saftig ◽  
Bernd Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Immunogold Labelling ◽  
Disulfide Bridge ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Transmembrane Segments ◽  
Late Endosomes

TMEM192 (transmembrane protein 192) is a novel constituent of late endosomal/lysosomal membranes with four potential transmembrane segments and an unknown function that was initially discovered by organellar proteomics. Subsequently, localization in late endosomes/lysosomes has been confirmed for overexpressed and endogenous TMEM192, and homodimers of TMEM192 linked by disulfide bonds have been reported. In the present study the molecular determinants of TMEM192 mediating its transport to late endosomes/lysosomes were analysed by using CD4 chimaeric constructs and mutagenesis of potential targeting motifs in TMEM192. Two directly adjacent N-terminally located dileucine motifs of the DXXLL-type were found to be critical for transport of TMEM192 to late endosomes/lysosomes. Whereas disruption of both dileucine motifs resulted in mistargeting of TMEM192 to the plasma membrane, each of the two motifs was sufficient to ensure correct targeting of TMEM192. In order to study disulfide bond formation, mutagenesis of cysteine residues was performed. Mutation of Cys266 abolished disulfide bridge formation between TMEM192 molecules, indicating that TMEM192 dimers are linked by a disulfide bridge between their C-terminal tails. According to the predicted topology, Cys266 would be localized in the reductive milieu of the cytosol where disulfide bridges are generally uncommon. Using immunogold labelling and proteinase protection assays, the localization of the N- and C-termini of TMEM192 on the cytosolic side of the late endosomal/lysosomal membrane was experimentally confirmed. These findings may imply close proximity of the C-termini in TMEM192 dimers and a possible involvement of this part of the protein in dimer assembly.

scholarly journals ATP Is Required for Correct Folding and Disulfide Bond Formation of Rotavirus VP7

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (17) ◽  
pp. 8048-8052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mirazimi ◽  
Lennart Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Semliki Forest Virus ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation

ABSTRACT Rotavirus is one of very few viruses that utilize the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for assembly, and therefore it has been used as an attractive model to study ER-associated protein folding. In this study, we have examined the requirements for metabolic energy (ATP) for correct folding of the luminal and ER-associated VP7 of rotavirus. We found that VP7 rapidly misfolds in an energy-depleted milieu and is not degraded within 60 min. We also found that VP7 attained a stable minimum-energy state soon after translation in the ER. Most surprisingly, energy-misfolded VP7 could be recovered and establish correct disulfide bonds and antigenicity following a shift to an ATP-rich milieu. Using a Semliki Forest virus expression system, we observed that VP7 requires ATP and cellular, but not viral, factors for correct disulfide bond formation. Our results show for the first time that the disulfide bond formation of rotavirus VP7 is an ATP-dependent process. It has previously been shown that chaperones hydrolyze ATP during interaction with newly synthesized polypeptides and prevent nonproductive intra- and intermolecular interactions. The most reasonable explanation for the energy requirement of VP7 is thus a close interaction during folding with an ATP-dependent chaperone, such as BiP (Grp78), and possibly with protein disulfide isomerase. Taken together, our observations provide new information about folding of ER-associated proteins in general and rotavirus VP7 in particular.

scholarly journals Per Os Infectivity Factor 5 Identified as a Substrate of P33 in the Baculoviral Disulfide Bond Formation Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanyu Zhang ◽  
Wenhua Kuang ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Yu Shang ◽  
Xiaoyan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
Progeny Virus ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Sulfhydryl Oxidase ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Formation Pathway

ABSTRACT Disulfide bonds are critical for the structure and function of many proteins. Some large DNA viruses encode their own sulfhydryl oxidase for disulfide bond formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the baculovirus-encoded sulfhydryl oxidase P33 is necessary for progeny virus production, and its enzymatic activity is important for morphogenesis and oral infectivity of baculoviruses. However, the downstream substrates of P33 in the putative redox pathway of baculoviruses are unknown. In this study, we showed that PIF5, one of the per os infectivity factors (PIFs), contained intramolecular disulfide bonds and that the disulfide bond formation was interrupted in the absence of P33. In vivo pulldown and colocalization analyses revealed that PIF5 and P33 interacted with each other during virus infection. Further, in vitro assays validated that the reduced PIF5 proteins could be oxidized by P33. To understand the contribution of disulfide bonds to the function of PIF5, several cysteine-to-serine mutants were constructed, which all interfered with the disulfide bond formation of PIF5 to different extents. All the mutants lost their oral infectivity but had no impact on infectious budding virus (BV) production or virus morphogenesis. Taken together, our results indicated PIF5 as the first identified substrate of P33. Further, the disulfide bonds in PIF5 play an essential role in its function in oral infection. IMPORTANCE Similar to some large DNA viruses that encode their own disulfide bond pathway, baculovirus encodes a viral sulfhydryl oxidase, P33. Enzyme activity of P33 is related to infectious BV production, occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelopment, occlusion body morphogenesis, and oral infectivity, suggesting that P33 is involved in disulfide bond formation of multiple proteins. A complete disulfide bond formation pathway normally contains a sulfhydryl oxidase, a disulfide-donating enzyme, and one or more substrates. In baculovirus, apart from P33, other components of the putative pathway remain unknown. In this study, we identified PIF5 as the first substrate of P33, which is fundamental for revealing the complete disulfide bond formation pathway in baculovirus. PIF5 is essential for oral infection and is absent from the PIF complex. Our study demonstrated that native disulfide bonds in PIF5 are required for oral infection, which will help us to reveal its mode of action.

A study to develop platinum(iv) complex chemistry for peptide disulfide bond formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1736-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changying Song ◽  
Jingjing Sun ◽  
Xiaowei Zhao ◽  
Shuying Huo ◽  
Shigang Shen
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Ancillary Ligand ◽  
Heterocyclic Ligand ◽  
Complex Chemistry

Platinum(iv) complexes with a heterocyclic ligand and an ancillary ligand have been investigated and applied for the formation of disulfide bonds in peptides.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Disulfide Bond Formation in Nascent Polypeptides Entering the Secretory Pathway

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Robinson ◽  
Neil J. Bulleid
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Structure Stability ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Polypeptide Folding ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
And Function

Disulfide bonds are an abundant feature of proteins across all domains of life that are important for structure, stability, and function. In eukaryotic cells, a major site of disulfide bond formation is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). How cysteines correctly pair during polypeptide folding to form the native disulfide bond pattern is a complex problem that is not fully understood. In this paper, the evidence for different folding mechanisms involved in ER-localised disulfide bond formation is reviewed with emphasis on events that occur during ER entry. Disulfide formation in nascent polypeptides is discussed with focus on (i) its mechanistic relationship with conformational folding, (ii) evidence for its occurrence at the co-translational stage during ER entry, and (iii) the role of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members. This review highlights the complex array of cellular processes that influence disulfide bond formation and identifies key questions that need to be addressed to further understand this fundamental process.

scholarly journals Two phases of disulfide bond formation have differing requirements for oxygen

2013 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Koritzinsky ◽  
Fiana Levitin ◽  
Twan van den Beucken ◽  
Ryan A. Rumantir ◽  
Nicholas J. Harding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Er Stress ◽  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Disulfide Bond Formation ◽  
Terminal Electron Acceptor ◽  
Two Phases

Most proteins destined for the extracellular space require disulfide bonds for folding and stability. Disulfide bonds are introduced co- and post-translationally in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cargo in a redox relay that requires a terminal electron acceptor. Oxygen can serve as the electron acceptor in vitro, but its role in vivo remains unknown. Hypoxia causes ER stress, suggesting a role for oxygen in protein folding. Here we demonstrate the existence of two phases of disulfide bond formation in living mammalian cells, with differential requirements for oxygen. Disulfide bonds introduced rapidly during protein synthesis can occur without oxygen, whereas those introduced during post-translational folding or isomerization are oxygen dependent. Other protein maturation processes in the secretory pathway, including ER-localized N-linked glycosylation, glycan trimming, Golgi-localized complex glycosylation, and protein transport, occur independently of oxygen availability. These results suggest that an alternative electron acceptor is available transiently during an initial phase of disulfide bond formation and that post-translational oxygen-dependent disulfide bond formation causes hypoxia-induced ER stress.

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