Post-transcriptional gene regulation in chondrocytes

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1627-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon R. Tew ◽  
Peter D. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Regulation

The control of gene expression in articular chondrocytes is an essential factor in maintaining the homoeostasis of extracellular matrix synthesis and turnover necessary in healthy articular cartilage. Although much is known of how steady-state levels of gene expression and rates of transcription are altered, there has been a poorer understanding of gene control at the post-transcriptional level and its relevance to cartilage health and disease. Now, an emerging picture is developing of the importance of this tier of gene regulation, driven by in vitro studies and mouse genetic models. This level of cellular regulation represents an as yet unexplored area of potential intervention for the treatment of degenerative cartilage disorders such as osteoarthritis.

scholarly journals Synthesis and in vitro assessment of chemically modified siRNAs targeting BCL2 that contain 2′-ribose and triazole-linked backbone modifications

MedChemComm ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1210-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Hagen ◽  
Brandon J. Peel ◽  
John Samis ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Regulation ◽  
Deleterious Genes

Short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are naturally occurring biomolecules used for post-transcriptional gene regulation, and therefore hold promise as a future therapeutic by silencing gene expression of overexpressed deleterious genes.

scholarly journals Computational design and experimental characterization of a photo-controlled mRNA-cap guanine-N7 methyltransferase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Reichert ◽  
Helena Schepers ◽  
Julian Simke ◽  
Horst Lechner ◽  
Wolfgang Dörner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Temporal Control ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

The spatial and temporal control of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level is essential in eukaryotic cells and developing multicellular organisms. In recent years optochemical and optogenetic tools have enabled...

The heat shock response: A case study of chromatin dynamics in gene regulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila S. Teves ◽  
Steven Henikoff
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Pol Ii ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Shock Response ◽  
Rate Limiting

Recent studies in transcriptional regulation using the Drosophila heat shock response system have elucidated many of the dynamic regulatory processes that govern transcriptional activation and repression. The classic view that the control of gene expression occurs at the point of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment is now giving way to a more complex outlook of gene regulation. Promoter chromatin dynamics coordinate with transcription factor binding to maintain the promoters of active genes accessible. For a large number of genes, the rate-limiting step in Pol II progression occurs during its initial elongation, where Pol II transcribes 30–50 bp and pauses for further signals. These paused genes have unique genic chromatin architecture and dynamics compared with genes where Pol II recruitment is rate limiting for expression. Further elongation of Pol II along the gene causes nucleosome turnover, a continuous process of eviction and replacement, which suggests a potential mechanism for Pol II transit along a nucleosomal template. In this review, we highlight recent insights into transcription regulation of the heat shock response and discuss how the dynamic regulatory processes involved at each transcriptional stage help to generate faithful yet highly responsive gene expression.

scholarly journals The Mycobacterium tuberculosis sRNA F6 regulates expression of groEL/S

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Houghton ◽  
Angela Rodgers ◽  
Graham Rose ◽  
Kristine B. Arnvig
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Biology ◽  
Mouse Model Of Infection

ABSTRACTAlmost 140 years after the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the etiological agent of tuberculosis, important aspects of its biology remain poorly described. Little is known about the role of post-transcriptional control of gene expression and RNA biology, including the role of most of the small RNAs (sRNAs) identified to date. We have carried out a detailed investigation of the M. tuberculosis sRNA, F6, and show it to be dependent on SigF for expression and significantly induced during in vitro starvation and in a mouse model of infection. However, we found no evidence of attenuation of a ΔF6 strain within the first 20 weeks of infection. A further exploration of F6 using in vitro models of infection suggests a role for F6 as a highly specific regulator of the heat shock repressor, HrcA. Our results point towards a role for F6 during periods of low metabolic activity similar to cold shock and associated with nutrient starvation such as that found in human granulomas in later stages of infection.

miRNA Editing: New Insights into the Fast Control of Gene Expression in Health and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 7717-7727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Mingardi ◽  
Laura Musazzi ◽  
Giuseppina De Petro ◽  
Alessandro Barbon
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Fast Control ◽  
Mirna Editing

scholarly journals Suppression of interleukin 8 production by progesterone in rabbit uterine cervix

1994 ◽  
Vol 301 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ito ◽  
K Imada ◽  
T Sato ◽  
T Kubo ◽  
K Matsushima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Interleukin 8 ◽  
Cervical Ripening ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor

Uterine cervical fibroblasts prepared from rabbits at 23 days of gestation were found to produce spontaneously the neutrophil chemotactic factor/interleukin 8 (IL-8). When the cells were treated with recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha and 1 beta (rhIL-1 alpha and -1 beta), both cytokines similarly enhanced the production of IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner. Recombinant tumour necrosis factor alpha also enhanced its production to a lesser extent, but interleukin 6 failed to modulate the production. Physiological concentrations of progesterone suppressed both the spontaneous and IL-1-mediated production of IL-8 in parallel with the decrease in the steady-state levels of its mRNA. These suppressive actions of progesterone were offset by co-treatment of cells with a progesterone antagonist, mifepristone (RU486). In conclusion, basal and IL-1-induced IL-8 production in rabbit uterine cervical fibroblasts is down-regulated by progesterone at the transcriptional level. These results obtained in vitro and our previous observations indicating that progesterone modulates the extra-cellular matrix breakdown via the suppression of production of matrix metalloproteinases and the augmentation of production matrix metalloproteinases and the augmentation of production of their specific inhibitors (TIMP-1) [Sato, Ito, Mori, Yamashita, Hayakawa and Nagase (1991) Biochem. J. 275, 645-650] may explain the mechanisms of the maintenance of pregnancy until parturition and the acceleration of uterine cervical ripening and dilatation at term.

DEFECTIVE STEROIDAL SYNTHESIS BY ADRENAL TISSUE: THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION CAUSING LOSS OF ACTIVE STEROIDOGENIC ENZYMES

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-336
Author(s):  
K. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Ascites Cell ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Adrenocortical Hyperplasia ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Adrenocortical Tumour

ABSTRACT RNA was isolated from normal human adrenal glands and found to cause the formation of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase and steroid 21-hydroxylase activities by a Krebs II ascites cell-free protein synthesising system. Although no functional steroid 21-hydroxylase in vivo or in vitro was found in a gland from a patient with virilism due to congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia the RNA would still give steroid 21-hydroxylase-like activity in the protein synthesising system which suggests that the inherited defect was not in the structural gene. Activity could not be induced by RNA from a 'non-functioning' adrenocortical tumour or rat liver.

Changes in Gene Expression during Drying in a Desiccation-Tolerant Grass Sporobolus stapfianus and a Desiccation-Sensitive Grass Sporobolus pyramidalis

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Gaff ◽  
D. Bartels ◽  
J.L. Gaff
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Sporobolus Stapfianus ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽  
Water Contents

For the first time in the grasses, a desiccation-tolerant species (Sporobolus stapfianus) was examined for evidence of drought-induced changes in gene transcription. Desiccation tolerance (the ability of this species to recover from a water potential of –540 MPa) is induced in the resurrection grass during the drying process itself. Specific mRNA was compared in extracts of air-dry, drying and fully hydrated leaves by comparisons of the encoded proteins translated in vitro and partitioned by 2- dimensional electrophoresis. Forty-one genes, that were not expressed in hydrated leaves, were transcribed during drying, whereas only 25 novel polypeptides (translated in vitro) were detected; this suggests that gene expression was controlled mainly at the transcriptional level, but possibly also at the translational level. Leaves of S. stapfianus become desiccation tolerant as they dry on intact plants with mechanically undisturbed roots, whereas leaves on plants whose roots have been disturbed die during drying. Complements of mRNA from live S. stapfianus leaves changed markedly from full hydration to 70% RWC and to air-dryness; they also differed markedly from drought-sensitive leaves (on plants with disturbed roots) at 70% RWC and dead air-dry S. stapfianus leaves and from leaves of the desiccation sensitive grass S. pyramidalis at the same water contents. Drought-induced injury could not be attributed to low abundance of mRNA in either species. Five criteria which might be involved in desiccation tolerance were applied to specific in vitro proteins of S. stapfianus; 12 novel proteins correlated with desiccation tolerance in a least four of the five criteria.

scholarly journals The role of vitamins and minerals in modulating the expression of microRNA

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Beckett ◽  
Zoe Yates ◽  
Martin Veysey ◽  
Konsta Duesing ◽  
Mark Lucock
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Regulatory Circuit ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Expression Potential

A growing number of studies in recent years have highlighted the importance of molecular nutrition as a potential determinant of health and disease. In particular, the ability of micronutrients to regulate the final expression of gene products via modulation of transcription and translation is now being recognised. Modulation of microRNA (miRNA) by nutrients is one pathway by which nutrition may mediate gene expression. miRNA, a class of non-coding RNA, can directly regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. In addition, miRNA are able to indirectly influence gene expression potential at the transcriptional level via modulation of the function of components of the epigenetic machinery (DNA methylation and histone modifications). These mechanisms interact to form a complex, bi-directional regulatory circuit modulating gene expression. Disease-specific miRNA profiles have been identified in multiple disease states, including those with known dietary risk factors. Therefore, the role that nutritional components, in particular, vitamins and minerals, play in the modulation of miRNA profiles, and consequently health and disease, is increasingly being investigated, and as such is a timely subject for review. The recently posited potential for viable exogenous miRNA to enter human blood circulation from food sources adds another interesting dimension to the potential for dietary miRNA to contribute to gene modulation.

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