How do microRNAs regulate gene expression?

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Cannell ◽  
Yi Wen Kong ◽  
Martin Bushell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Translational Repression ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Target Mrna ◽  
Target Mrnas ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

miRNAs (microRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They generally bind to the 3′-UTR (untranslated region) of their target mRNAs and repress protein production by destabilizing the mRNA and translational silencing. The exact mechanism of miRNA-mediated translational repression is yet to be fully determined, but recent data from our laboratory have shown that the stage of translation which is inhibited by miRNAs is dependent upon the promoter used for transcribing the target mRNA. This review focuses on understanding how miRNA repression is operating in light of these findings and the questions that still remain.

microRNAs: a new frontier in kallikrein research

2008 ◽  
Vol 389 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

Abstract microRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Rapidly accumulating evidence has revealed that miRNAs are associated with cancer. The human tissue kalli-krein gene family is the largest contiguous family of proteases in the human genome, containing 15 genes. Many kallikreins have been reported as potential tumor markers. In this review, recent bioinformatics and experimental evidence is presented indicating that kallikreins are potential miRNA targets. The available experimental approaches to investigate these interactions and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications are also discussed. miRNAs represent a possible regulatory mechanism for controlling kallikrein expression at the post-transcriptional level. Many miRNAs were predicted to target kallikreins and a single miRNA can target more than one kallikrein. Recent evidence suggests that miRNAs can also exert ‘quantitative’ control of kallikreins by utilizing multiple targeting sites in the kallikrein mRNA. More research is needed to experimentally verify the in silico predictions and to investigate the possible role in tumor initiation and/or progression.

scholarly journals MiR-147: Functions and Implications in Inflammation and Diseases

MicroRNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Lin ◽  
Kebin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (19~25 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level through repression of mRNA translation or mRNA decay. miR-147, which was initially discovered in mouse spleen and macrophages, has been shown to correlate with coronary atherogenesis and inflammatory bowel disease and modulate macrophage functions and inflammation through TLR-4. The altered miR-147 level has been shown in various human diseases, including infectious disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, a neurodegenerative disorder, etc. This review will focus on the current understanding regarding the role of miR-147 in inflammation and diseases.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in veterinary cardiology

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Wolf ◽  
Eloísa Muehlbauer ◽  
Marlos Gonçalves Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Cardiac Diseases ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

ABSTRACT: The use of biomarkers is an important recent development in veterinary medicine. Biomarkers allow non-invasive quantification of substances with diagnostic and prognostic potential in several diseases. The microRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are expressed in different forms in many diseases. Reduced or over-expression of microRNAs showed to be part of the pathogenesis of some heart diseases in humans and animals. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of measuring microRNAs in veterinary cardiology is increased because abnormal expression can be managed by the use of antagonists (in the case of overexpression) and mimicking (in the case of underexpression). Thus, this literature review aimed to compile scientific evidence of dysregulation of microRNAs expression in different cardiac diseases being one of the promises in the therapeutic field and diagnosis of veterinary cardiology. MicroRNAs not only have potential as a biomarker but may also help in elucidation of aspects of the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.

scholarly journals Role of Non-coding RNAs in Fungal Pathogenesis and Antifungal Drug Responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourabh Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Antifungal Drug ◽  
Fungal Pathogenesis ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Drug Responses ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

Abstract Purpose of Review Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), constitute a significant part of eukaryotic genomes; however, their roles in fungi are just starting to emerge. ncRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression in response to varying environmental conditions (like stress) and response to chemicals, including antifungal drugs. In this review, I highlighted recent studies focusing on the functional roles of ncRNAs in pathogenic fungi. Recent Findings Emerging evidence suggests sRNAs (small RNAs) and lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) play an important role in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal drug response. Their roles include posttranscriptional gene silencing, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. Fungal pathogens utilize RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms to regulate pathogenesis-related genes and can also transfer sRNAs inside the host to suppress host immunity genes to increase virulence. Hosts can also transfer sRNAs to induce RNAi in fungal pathogens to reduce virulence. Additionally, sRNAs and lncRNAs also regulate gene expression in response to antifungal drugs increasing resistance (and possibly tolerance) to drugs. Summary Herein, I discuss what is known about ncRNAs in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal drug responses. Advancements in genomic technologies will help identify the ncRNA repertoire in fungal pathogens, and functional studies will elucidate their mechanisms. This will advance our understanding of host-fungal interactions and potentially help develop better treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Interaction Between LncRNA and UPF1 in Tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjian He ◽  
Xiaoxin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Rna Binding Protein ◽  
Rna Decay ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) can bind to other proteins or RNAs to regulate gene expression, and its role in tumors has been extensively studied. A common RNA binding protein, UPF1, is also a key factor in a variety of RNA decay pathways. RNA decay pathways serve to control levels of particular RNA molecules. The expression of UPF1 is often dysregulated in tumors, an observation which suggests that UPF1 contributes to development of a variety of tumors. Herein, we review evidence from studies of fourteen lncRNAs interact with UPF1. The interaction between lncRNA and UPFI provide fundamental basis for cell transformation and tumorigenic growth.

scholarly journals The Causes and Consequences of miR-503 Dysregulation and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjing He ◽  
Yin Cai ◽  
Pearl Mingchu Pai ◽  
Xinling Ren ◽  
Zhengyuan Xia
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Translational Repression ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

microRNAs (miRs) are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by mRNA degradation or translational repression. Accumulated studies have demonstrated that miRs participate in various biological processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and development, and the dysregulation of miRs expression are involved in different human diseases, such as neurological, cardiovascular disease and cancer. microRNA-503 (miR-503), one member of miR-16 family, has been studied widely in cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this review, we summarize and discuss the studies of miR-503 in vitro and in vivo, and how miR-503 regulates gene expression from different aspects of pathological processes of diseases, including carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, tissue fibrosis and oxidative stress; We will also discuss the mechanisms of dysregulation of miR-503, and whether miR-503 could be applied as a diagnostic marker or therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease or cancer.

MicroRNAs regulate KDM5 histone demethylases in breast cancer cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Denis ◽  
Olivier Van Grembergen ◽  
Benjamin Delatte ◽  
Sarah Dedeurwaerder ◽  
Pascale Putmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Histone Demethylases ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression.

scholarly journals S-phase Enriched Non-coding RNAs Regulate Gene Expression and Cell Cycle Progression

Cell Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 107629
Author(s):  
Ozlem Yildirim ◽  
Enver C. Izgu ◽  
Manashree Damle ◽  
Vladislava Chalei ◽  
Fei Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

scholarly journals Para-Aminobenzoic Acid, Calcium, and c-di-GMP Induce Formation of Cohesive, Syp-Polysaccharide-Dependent Biofilms in Vibrio fischeri

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney N. Dial ◽  
Lauren Speare ◽  
Garrett C. Sharpe ◽  
Scott M. Gifford ◽  
Alecia N. Septer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Regulate Gene

Bacteria integrate environmental signals to regulate gene expression and protein production to adapt to their surroundings. One such behavioral adaptation is the formation of a biofilm, which can promote adherence and colonization and provide protection against antimicrobials.

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